Pitts'
Biology 120 Exam Number 2 Spring 2003
Place
all answers on the attached answer sheet.
On multiple choice questions, select only one answer and write the
letter that corresponds to your answer on the answer sheet. If I have difficulty reading your answer, I
must mark it wrong. Class will not meet
this Friday (21 February).
1. Name
one reason, out of several possibilities, that viruses are not considered to be
alive.
2
& 3. Name the two essential parts of all viruses.
4. Viruses
are typically measured in units called nanometers. How many nanometers are present in 1 meter?
A. 100;
B. 1,000; C. 1,000,000; D. 1,000,000,000
5. Which
of the following best describes a virus that is in the free particle
stage?
A. virus is reproducing; B. virus is being replicated by a host
cell; C. virus is not inside a host cell
and is doing nothing; D. none of the
previous answers are correct since viruses cannot have a free particle stage
6. A
cell that has been lysed has:
A. taken in food; B. increased in size due to gain of food or
water; C. gained additional receptors on
its surface; D. had its cell membrane
broken open and the cell has been killed
7. Polio
virus will attack only nerve cells because nerve cells:
A. do not have any receptors to block the entry
of viruses; B. have the appropriate
receptors for polio viruses; C. cannot
divide; D. are the most numerous type of
cell in the human body
8. Which
of the following is present in some viruses but never in bacteria?
A. flagella;
B. capsule; C. reverse
transcriptase; D. DNA (= deoxyribonucleic acid)
9. During
the lysogenic cycle (= provirus stage), the viral nucleic acid attaches to, and
becomes a part of, the host cell's _?_
A. ribosomes;
B. chromosome; C. capsule; D. flagellum
10. Although
the exact number of cells is not known, each of us has several body cells that
contain viral nucleic acid that is in the provirus stage. This situation:
A. is totally harmless, since the viruses never
become active; B. is a "time
bomb" just waiting for the appropriate signal to activate it; C. is usually beneficial to the host cell
since the viruses reduce the number of harmful mutations; D. almost always causes the host cell to
mutate at a faster rate.
11. The
city of Martin, Tennessee has a cemetery (on Elm Street) which was used in the
late 1800's for the burial of numerous persons who are known to have died from
the disease named _?_
A. yellow fever;
B. kuru; C. histoplasmosis; D. polio;
E. AIDS
12. True
or False Because viruses are active only
when they are inside a host cell and because the host cell's membranes and cytoplasm
protect the viruses, antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
13. Antibiotics
are most effective against diseases caused by which of the following?
A. prions;
B. viruses; C. bacteria; D. fungi
14. The
virus (HIV, previously called HTLV-III) that causes AIDS was discovered
approximately _?_ years ago.
A. 20; B.
200; C. 2,000; D. none of these are correct since AIDS is
not caused by a virus.
15. What
type of nucleic acid is present in retroviruses?
A. DNA;
B. RNA; C. reverse
transcriptase; D. none of these can be
correct since retroviruses do not contain any nucleic acid
16.
If Joe has a syndrome, Joe's condition is best
described as:
A. a broken bone named the syndromus; B. a disease of the immune system; C. a group of disease causing organisms; D. a group of symptoms or ailments
17. A
newly discovered medication breaks down reverse transcriptase. Which of the following would be most affected
by this new medicine?
A. prions;
B. retroviruses; C.
smallpox; D. Gram negative bacteria
18. Each HIV particle contains about 9,500
nucleotides that make up
A. cell wall;
B. receptors; C. capsule; D. reverse transcriptase
19.
Each human cell contains approximately 40,000
genes. In contrast to human cells, one
HIV particle contains:
A. many more than 40,000 genes; B. less than 100 genes; C. no genes
20. The
latent period of HIV is defined as the time from exposure to HIV until a person
shows definite symptoms of AIDS. The average
length of this latent period is:
A. ten minutes;
B. six months; C. one year; D. 10 years
21.
During the latent phase of HIV, the lytic
cycle (also called the vegetative stage):
A. does not take place; B. is occurring, but very slowly; C. is occurring rapidly, but lost host cells
are quickly replaced.
22. The fact that HIV is _?_ during the latent
period is bad news, because this means that mutations that enable the virus to
evade medications can occur and be selected for.
A. active (in the vegetative stage or lytic
cycle); B. inactive (in the provirus or
lysogenic cycle)
23. Which
of the following is an infectious agent that does not contain either DNA or
RNA?
A. prion;
B. retrovirus; C. Clostridium
tetani; D. endospores of anthrax
24. Yeasts,
molds, and mushrooms are all members of which kingdom of living organisms?
A. Monera;
B. Animal; C. Plant; D. Fungi;
E. Protista
25 Name
the kingdom for the organism that causes histoplasmosis.
26. True
or False Histoplasmosis is transmitted
by birds.
27.
From which of the following would a person
most likely acquire histoplasmosis?
A. eating chicken that was processed by the
Tyson company B. playing with
chickens; C. breathing in spores from
soil contaminated with chicken feces; D.
eating chicken that is not well cooked
28. The
primary way in which prions are transferred from one animal to another animal
is by:
A. wind;
B. contaminated water; C.
physical contact; D. eating food
contaminated with muscle cells from an animal that has a prion disease; E. eating food contaminated with nerve cells
from an animal that died of a disease cause by a prion
29.
Kuru was transmitted from one person to
another by the practice of:
A. eating the brains of deceased relatives; B. drinking the blood of ancestors; C. living in caves where one's ancestors had
also lived
30. The
best way to avoid acquiring a prion-caused disease is to:
A. get vaccination against the disease; B. take strong antibiotics as soon as the
disease is diagnosed; C. eat no
meat; D. avoid all contact with birds
31.
How many people lived in
32.
How many people died due to food shortage in
33. Name
the kingdom for the organism that causes late blight in potatoes.
34.
Name the most successful (in a biological sense)
type of organisms that now live on Planet Earth.
A. viruses;
B. bacteria; C. plants; D. humans
35.
Sketch the outline of a bacterium that is
described as being a coccus.
36. Which
type of bacterium is more likely to cause a serious disease?
A. Gram +;
B. Gram -; C. Gram + and Gram -
are equally likely to cause disease
37. Which
of these has a protective capsule composed of lipopolysaccharides?
A. Gram + bacteria; B. Gram - bacteria; C. all bacteria
38. True or False Most bacteria are harmful.
39.
Structures called _?_ best enable bacteria to survive periods of
environmental stress.
A. nuclear membranes; B. capsules;
C. cell walls; D. endospores
40.
Alexander Fleming was the first microbiologist
to:
A. see Penicillium; B. observe that Penicillium frequently
contaminated bacterial cultures grown in laboratories; C. observe, demonstrate, and understand the
fact that Penicillium inhibited the growth of some bacterial
colonies; D. prove that penicillin could
kill all types bacteria.
41. Anthrax
is caused by:
A. bacteria;
B. virus; C. prion; D. fungus
42.
Humans usually acquire anthrax by :
A. coming in contact with endospores; B. eating food containing actively growing
anthrax organisms; C. drinking water
that contains anthrax; D. sexual contact
with a person who has anthrax
43.
Which of the following routes of entry usually
results in the most severe cases of anthrax?
A. digestive tract; B. skin;
C. lungs; D. all are equally
deadly
44. True
or False Fortunately, the late blight
disease of potatoes has been conquered and is no longer a threat to potato
crops.
45.
Proteins are the only material present in:
A. viruses;
B. bacteria; C. fungi; D. prions
46.
How can a person be infected with smallpox?
A. breathing air that contains the virus; B. physical contact with someone who has
smallpox; C. physical contact with a
non-living object (e.g., a blanket or clothing) that is contaminated with the
smallpox virus; D. mosquito bite; E. all of these are correct; F. Answers A, B, and C are correct, but D is
not correct.
47. What
material was most commonly used for inoculation against smallpox before 1790?
A. active smallpox virus; B. cowpox virus; C. dead cells from a smallpox victim
48.
In what year did the last known case of
smallpox occur?
49. Since the discovery of the effectiveness of
vaccination, what has been the greatest barrier to be elimination of smallpox
as a human disease?
A. not enough smallpox virus; B. not enough cowpox virus; C. mutation of the virus; D. public attitudes
50. Name
the first human disease to be controlled by intentionally administering a
substance that would cause a person to be immune to that disease.