Pitts' Biology 110 Exam No. 4 Fall 2000

1. The primary function of cellular respiration is:

  1. manufacture energy;
  2. destroy energy;
  3. transfer energy from storage molecules such as adenosine triphosphate to usable molecules such as glucose;
  4. transfer energy from storage molecules such as glucose to usable molecules such as adenosine triphosphate;

2. During cellular respiration, molecules of glucose are:

  1. oxidized;
  2. reduced;
  3. produced

3-6. During Kreb's cycle, citric acid is oxidized back to a four carbon molecule. Substances produced and/or released during this sequence of events include: low energy, one carbon molecules of a waste material called _3_; a small number of molecules of a substance named _4_ which can be directly used to supply energy for cell activities; and, the carrier molecules _5_ and _6_ which have been reduced by the addition of hydrogen atoms obtained from citric acid or its precursors.

7. During which of the following does a cell actually use molecules of environmental oxygen?

  1. glycolysis;
  2. electron transport system;
  3. Kreb's cycle;
  4. citric acid cycle

8. The complete oxidization of glucose will result in the formation of how many molecules of carbon dioxide?

9. True or False Aerobic respiration occurs in plant cells.

10. Name the cell part that produces mitochondria.

11. How many chromosomes are present in a human liver cell?

12. How many different kinds of chromosomes are present in a human cell?

13. How many (approximately) human characteristics are thought to be genetically influenced?

14. How many genes are present on one chromosome?

  1. 23;
  2. 46;
  3. 1N;
  4. 2N;
  5. only one;
  6. depends in part on the length of the chromosome

15. How many chromosomes are present in a horse sperm?

16. How many different kinds of chromosomes are present in a human egg?

17. Which of the following correctly describes a human sperm?

  1. 1N;
  2. 2N;
  3. 3N;
  4. tetrad

18. Two membranes surround a mitochondrion. Which membrane has the greater amount of surface area?

19. Name the stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes are duplicated.

20. Name the stage of the cell cycle when a cell prepares to divide.

21. Calculate the surface to volume ratio of a three inch cube.

22. Which of the following would have the largest surface to volume ratio?

  1. 5 inch cube;
  2. 2 inch cube;
  3. 4 inch cube;
  4. 8 inch cube

23. Name the stage of mitosis when a cell's nuclear membrane is rebuilt.

24. Name the stage of mitosis when single stranded chromosomes move apart from each other.

25. Name the stage of mitosis when cytokinesis occurs.

26. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis. How many chromosomes will be in the nucleus of each daughter cell?

27. Name the chromosome that is homologous to human chromosome Number Two.

28. As a cell enters mitosis, each chromosome is:

  1. single stranded;
  2. double stranded (contains two chromatids);
  3. paired with its homologue

29. Name the stage of meiosis when synapsis occurs.

30. Name the stage of meiosis when tetrads are aligned across the equator of the spindle.

31. Name the stage of meiosis when single stranded chromosomes move apart from each other.

32. Name the stage of meiosis when tetrads form.

33. How many chromosomes are present in one tetrad?

34. How many chromatids are present in one tetrad?

35. Name the stage of meiosis when crossing-over usually occurs.

36. How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell? Each daughter cell will have:

  1. the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell;
  2. twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell;
  3. one half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

37. Name one example of a gamete.

38. Name the area or part of a mitochondrion where the Kreb's cycle occurs.

39. How many Number Six chromosomes will be present in a gamete?

  1. one;
  2. two;
  3. depends on whether the gamete is male or female

40. How many functional sperm are produced from one male germ cell?

41. Which of the following best describes alleles?

  1. genes that influence the same characteristic;
  2. chromosomes that contain the same genes;
  3. genes that are recessive;
  4. characteristics that are not controlled by genes

42. The gene "L" results in long legs in lizards; another allele, "l", codes for short legs. How many genes for leg length will be present in each of the lizards body (= somatic) cells?

43. The gene "L" results in long legs in lizards; another allele, "l", codes for short legs. Can two short legged lizards have any long legged offspring?

44. The gene "L" results in long legs in lizards; another allele, "l", codes for short legs. A male lizard that is heterozygous produces 100 sperm. How many of the sperm will probably contain the allele "L" ?

45. Hair color in short-horned cattle is determined by two alleles (R for red and R' for white) that show lack of dominance. A roan male and a roan female have numerous offspring. What percentage of these offspring would probably have roan hair?

46. Consider a human female with Type O blood. What is her genotype?

47. Name the different alleles for blood type that are present in the human population of the United States?

48. Consider a human male who has alleles "A" and "O" for blood type. What is his phenotype?

49. All recessive alleles, such as allele "O" for blood type, are rare and harmful. The preceding statement is:

  1. true;
  2. false, because Type O blood is common and normal;
  3. probably false even though people with Type O blood do not live very long.

50. A human female has Type O blood. Her mother:

  1. was definitely Type O;
  2. possibly, but not definitely, had Type O blood;
  3. could not have had Type O blood;
  4. had nothing to do the blood type of her daughter.

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