Biology 120  Exam No. 2  Fall 1998

Place all answers on the attached answer sheet.  For multiple choice questions, write only the letter that indicates your choice of answers.

 1.  What type of organism causes smallpox?  

  1.  bacterium; 

  2.  fungus; 

  3.  virus; 

  4.  unknown

 2.  What organism was most commonly used for inoculation against smallpox before 1790?

 3.  How did Edward Jenner prove that persons who had recovered from cowpox were immune to smallpox?

  1.  injected them with cowpox; 

  2.  injected them with smallpox; 

  3.  injected them with influenza virus; 

  4.  stressed them with exercise and then measured blood antibody levels

 4.  In what year did the last known case of smallpox occur?

 5.  How long has smallpox infected humans?

  1.  about 500 years; 

  2.  about 1,000 years; 

  3.  about 2,000 years; 

  4.  at least 20,000 years

 6.  Ergot is most likely to grow on:

  1.  rye; 

  2.  squash; 

  3.  corn; 

  4.  rice

 

7.  Which of the following may be a symptom of ergotism in humans?

  1.   formication; 

  2.  muscle twitching; 

  3.  convulsions; 

  4.  partial paralysis; 

  5.  all of these

 8.  What climatic conditions best promote the growth of ergot?

  1.  warm, dry; 

  2.  cool, dry; 

  3.  cool, moist; 

  4.   winters without snow 

 9.  Why are young people more likely than adults to develop ergotism?

  1.   young people eat more food per pound of body weight; 

  2.  young people eat a diet higher in carbohydrates; 

  3.  adults have a more effective digestive system and can kill the ergot; 

  4.  young people are not more likely to develop ergotism

 10.  Which of the following best defines formication?

  1.  spider bite; 

  2.  feeling that body has no weight; 

  3.  feeling that body has lost its blood; 

  4.  feeling that ants are crawling under the skin

 11.  How many people lived in Ireland in 1845?

  1.  1 million; 

  2.  1.5 million; 

  3.  5.5 million; 

  4.  8 million; 

  5.  80 million

 12.  Name the geographical area where potatoes were first affected by the late blight fungus.

  1.  Mexico; 

  2.  United States; 

  3.  Andes; 

  4.  Ireland

 13.  Name the kingdom for the organism that causes late blight in potatoes.

 14.  On average for the entire population, how many pounds of potatoes were consumed per person per day in Ireland in 1845?

 15.  Why will one type of fungicide not effectively control the late blight fungus?

  1.  genetic diversity in the fungus; 

  2.  the fungus can reproduce asexually; 

  3.  the fungus is spread by birds;

  4.  spores of the late blight fungus are known to lie dormant for thousands of years

 16.  How are burweed (“Mexican”) beetles and potato beetles genetically related?

  1.  they are in different genera; 

  2.  they are different species in the same genus; 

  3.  they are subspecies (= geographic races or varieties) of the same species; 

  4.  they have no genes in common and are therefore not related

 17.  The statement that the introduction of the late blight fungus to Ireland was influenced by the “founder effect” would suggest that:

  1.  the fungus in Ireland originally had little, if any, genetic variation; 

  2.  the fungus in Ireland originally had tremendous genetic variation; 

  3.  the fungus was introduced many different times; 

  4.  unpredictably strong winds carried the fungal spores from the United States to Ireland many times

 18.  What types of organisms are studied by mycologists?

  1.  viruses; 

  2.  protista; 

  3.  plants; 

  4.  animals; 

  5.  fungi

 19.  Of what advantage are the bright colors of adult potato beetles?

  1.  assist males in locating females; 

  2.  assist females in finding males; 

  3.  indicate sexual maturity; 

  4.  advertise bad taste to potential predators

 20.  How did burweed beetles arrive in the United States?

  1.  wind; 

  2.  shipments of potatoes; 

  3.  followed burweed plants that were spread by large animals; 

  4.  probably in bird feces

 21.  Which of the following can a virus do by itself?

  1.  reproduce; 

  2.  manufacture ATP; 

  3.  manufacture DNA;

  4.  all of these (A-C); 

  5.  none of the above

 22.  Two components of all viruses are:

  1.  nucleic acid and ribosomes; 

  2.  nucleic acid and mitochondria; 

  3.  nucleic acid and protein; 

  4.  protein and ribosomes

 23.  The term “lyse” refers to:

  1.  small animals that are parasites on dogs, cats, and people; 

  2.  a stage of inactivity; 

  3.  the building of new bacteria;

  4.  a process that results in breaking something open

 24.  Which of the following best describes the events of a viral lytic cycle?

  1.  virus is outside of a host cell and is not being reproduced; 

  2.  virus is inside a host cell and is reproducing; 

  3.  virus is inside a host cell but is not being reproduced;

  4.   virus is inside a host cell and is being reproduced

 25.  Viral nucleic acid may be incorporated into a host cell chromosome but remain inactive for:

  1.  years; 

  2.  no more than several months; 

  3.  no more than several days; 

  4.  no more than a few minutes

 26.  Which of the following viral diseases has most affected the economy and history of Martin, Tennessee?

  1.  small pox;

  2.  rabies; 

  3.  measles; 

  4.  yellow fever

 27.  A retrovirus typically carries its genetic information in:

  1.  proteins; 

  2.  RNA; 

  3.  DNA; 

  4.  glycolipids

 28.  True or False  All of the known retroviruses specifically affect only humans.

 29.  What is a major difference between these two viruses: HIV and HTLV-III ?

  1.  HIV affects people, but HTLV-III affects people and cats; 

  2.  HTLV-III affects only cats; 

  3.  HTLV-III can infect healthy humans but HIV cannot; 

  4.  there are no differences between these two viruses since they are different names for the same virus

 30.  Name the cell part to which HIV must attach before affecting a human cell.

  1.  nucleus;

  2.  cell membrane; 

  3.  ribosomes; 

  4.  mitochondria; 

  5.  chromosome

 31.  During its “latent” period (which may be 10 or more years), HIV is:

  1.  inactive; 

  2.  actively attacking host cells but the host is able to defend itself; 

  3.  probably doing something but we have no clue as to what it is doing

 32.  We are currently living in the age of:

  1.  dinosaurs; 

  2.  humans; 

  3.  insects; 

  4.  bacteria

 33.  Structures called _?_ enable some bacteria to survive periods of environmental stress.

  1.  DNA; 

  2.  endospores; 

  3.  flagella; 

  4.  ribosomes

 34.  A spherical-shaped bacterium would be called a:

  1.  coccus; 

  2.  bacillus; 

  3.  spirillum; 

  4.  pest

 35.  The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming was enhanced by Fleming’s:

  1.  curiosity; 

  2.  laziness; 

  3.  luck; 

  4.  all of these

36.  Penicillin is produced by a group of organisms in the kingdom _?_

 37.  A typical, or average, number of bacteria in 1 gram of soil is:

  1.  2.5 thousand; 

  2.  2.5 million; 

  3.  2.5 billion; 

  4.  infinite

 38.  Which of the following is usually easier to control with antibiotics?

  1.  Gram + bacteria; 

  2.  Gram - bacteria; 

  3.  viruses

 39.  A bacterium that requires the presence of atmospheric oxygen in order to metabolize and reproduce is best described as:

  1.  facultative anaerobic; 

  2.  obligate anaerobic;

  3.  obligate aerobic

 40.  Spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum are normally spread by:

  1.  birds; 

  2.  bats; 

  3.  people; 

  4.  bulldozers;

  5. .wind

 41.  Coenocytic organisms are characterized by:

  1.  numerous internal cell walls; 

  2.  thicker than normal internal cell walls; 

  3.  stronger than average cell membranes; 

  4.  few internal cell walls

 42.  Which of the following are examples of asexual reproduction?

  1.  fragmentation; 

  2.  spore production; 

  3.  regrowth of a damaged limb on a tree;

  4.  all of these are correct

 43.  Histoplasmosis is caused by:

  1.  birds; 

  2.  bacteria; 

  3.  fungus; 

  4.  virus; 

  5.  people

 44.  Which of the following correctly describes the Kingdom Monera?

  1.  contains all of the bacteria; 

  2.  are prokaryotic; 

  3.  possess many mitochondria; 

  4.  most are harmful; 

  5.  A and B, but not C and D are correct statements.

 45.  Which of the following is a factor that potentially could limit the growth of a population?

  1.  shortage of oxygen; 

  2.  shortage of food;

  3.  accumulation of toxic waste materials; 

  4.   shortage of space; 

  5.  all of these are correct

 46.  The natural function of antibiotics is:

  1.  stimulate growth in livestock; 

  2.  provide nutrients to fungi; 

  3.  promote water loss in humans; 

  4.  prevent growth of specific microorganisms

 47.  The “transforming factor” studied by Frederick Griffith and identified by Oswald T. Avery was:

  1.  protein; 

  2.  deoxyribonucleic acid; 

  3.  ribonucleic acid; 

  4.  lipopolysaccharide

 48.  When attempting to control bacteria, the starting premise is:

  1.  all bacteria are harmful; 

  2.  all bacteria are difficult to kill; 

  3.  small numbers of bacteria will do no harm; 

  4.  bacterial will be present unless we take measures to kill them

 49.  Which of the following would most thoroughly clear an area of bacteria?

  1.  sterilization; 

  2.  disinfection; 

  3.  antiseptics; 

  4.  antibacterial soap

 50.  True or False  Some species of bacteria can live in water that is at 212oF.

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