BIOLOGY 120 FINAL EXAM
FALL 1998
1.
Name a female sex hormone that stimulates fat storage.
2.
True or False If the body has sufficient fat to support menstrual cycles,
ovulation will also occur.
3.
Name the part of the brain that coordinates reproduction and food intake.
4. Why has natural
selection favored pregnant women who carry considerable amounts of stored fat
rather than women who carry little fat?
A. skinny female is
less likely to survive pregnancy than is a female with fat;
B. the fetus of a skinny female is less like to survive than is the fetus
of a female with considerable fat; C.
the offspring of a skinny female are less likely to survive than are the
offspring of a female with fat; D.
all of these are correct
5. How are levels of
estrogen in females affected by intensive athletic training?
A. low estrogen
levels; B. high estrogen levels;
C. normal estrogen levels
6. The term
“amenorrhea” means:
A. more frequent than
normal menstrual cycles; B. longer
than normal menstrual cycles; C.
shorter than normal menstrual cycles; D.
no menstrual cycles
7.
Body fat helps to cushion the body against physical blows (as in the
kidney region), helps insulate the body against cold temperature, and serves as
a reserve supply of energy. Name
another function of body fat in human females.
8. How is the reproductive
system of human males affected by under nutrition and weight loss?
A. no effect;
B. sperm production may actually increase;
C. decrease in sperm production and survival;
D. no one knows since only underweight females have been studied
9. The term “lactational
amenorrhea” means:
A. menstrual cycles
stop due to the nutritional stress of manufacturing milk to feed a child;
B. menstrual cycles increase in frequency when a female is lactating;
C. more eggs are ovulated during each menstrual cycle;
D. lactation (i.e., milk production) has no effect on menstrual cycles
10. Why are
“double-muscled” Charolais cattle especially valuable to farmers?
A. high percent of
lean meat in body; B. low percent
of lean meat in body; C. small body
size and docile nature result in good pets for children; D. light hair color results in extraordinary ability to
withstand cold weather
11. How do sheep farmers
increase the number of young produced by a ewe?
A. feed low calorie
diet prior to mating; B. feed high
calorie diet prior to mating; C.
expose ewe to several males; D.
isolate ewe from other females for two weeks
12. Fat constitutes, on
average, what percent of the body weight of adult human females when they reach
maturity?
A. less than 5%;
B. 5-10%; C. 15-20%;
D. more than 25%
13. What percent, on
average, of the adult human male body is composed of fat?
A. less than 5%;
B. 5-10%; C. 10-15%;
D. 20-30%
14.
True or False Stress is an example of an external factor that is monitored
by the hypothalamus and that can affect reproductive activity.
15.
Name one region of the body where estrogen promotes fat storage.
16.
What is the functional unit of the human nervous system?
17.
What is the functional unit of the human kidney/urinary system?
18.
What is the functional unit of the human respiratory system?
19-23.
A drop of blood will move from capillaries in the walls of the small
intestine into a vessel named the _19_. This
vessel will deliver blood to capillaries in the body organ named the _20_.
This organ is drained by a vessel named the _21_ which empties into a
larger vessel named the _22_ which delivers blood to the heart chamber named the
_23_.
24-28.
In a normal adult human, blood will flow from the right atrium into the
heart chamber called the _24_; this chamber is drained by a vessel named the
_25_ which delivers blood to the body organs named the _26_ where oxygen is
added to the blood. Blood leaves these organs in the vessel named the _27_
which delivers blood to the heart chamber named the _28_.
29-33.
The highest blood pressure in any vessel normally occurs in the aorta.
The aorta is an example of a(n) _29_ (artery, vein, capillary). The aorta drains blood from the hear chamber named the _30_.
One of the first branches off of the aorta is the artery called the _31_
which delivers blood to the heart muscle cells.
A set of branches off of the aorta delivers blood to each kidney; these
branches are named the _32_. Inside
the kidney, these branches give rise to capillary beds (each of which is named a
_33_) which are surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule.
34-42.
Joe eats some _34_, which is an example of a high protein food, for
supper. (Translated for those of
you who are not southerners, supper is the evening meal of the day.)
Chemical digestion of these proteins will begin in the body organ named
the _35_ when an enzyme named _36_ (which is an example of a protease) is added
to the food. Chemical digestion of
the proteins will not be completed in this organ.
Chemical digestion of the proteins will be completed in the body organ
named the _37_. The building blocks
of the proteins, molecules called _38_, will be absorbed into the blood through
the walls of the organ named in question No. 37; these molecules will then be
delivered to body cells. If an
excess of these molecules is present in the diet (and there usually is an
excess), in the body organ named the _39_ a process called _40_ will occur.
This process involves the removal of NH2 groups.
These NH2 groups will then be used primarily to manufacture
molecules of a substance called _41_, the molecule that humans primarily use to
excrete excess nitrogen. The
molecules named in question 41 will be removed from the blood by the body organs
named the _42_.
43-60.
A human male produces sperm in structures named _43_.
These structures are surrounded by groups of cells called _44_ that
produce male hormones. One example
of a male hormone is _45_. The
structures named in questions 43 and 44 are located in a loose fold of skin
called the _46_ where the temperature is approximately _47_ degrees Celsius.
From their origin in the structures named in question 43, sperm will
travel into a structure named the _48_; this structure is approximately _49_
feet in length but is small in diameter and is coiled on top of the testis.
While in this structure the sperm will gain motility which means they
acquire the ability to _50_ (grow, move, communicate, or mutate).
Sperm move out of the structure named in question 48 into a structure
called the _51_, where they will be stored until ejaculation.
From the structure named in question 51, sperm will travel into a tube
called the _52_ through which the sperm (as well as urine) will exit the body.
The tube named in question 52 will pass through a single gland, named the
_53_, which will produce and release some of the seminal fluid.
The pH of seminal fluid is _54_ (acid, basic, neutral) and, consequently,
helps protect the sperm. Sperm that
enter the body of a female will be deposited in the terminal chamber of the
female reproductive tract; this chamber is named the _55_.
Sperm will swim out of this chamber into the next chamber of the female
reproductive tract; this chamber is named the _56_ but is also sometimes
referred to as the womb. Sperm will
continue their journey in the female reproductive tract until they reach the
upper part of the tube-like structures called the _57_ where fertilization of
the egg will occur. Fertilization
of the egg will most likely occur on days _58_ of the uterine cycle. The fertilized egg, or zygote, will them begin dividing and
moving toward the organ called the _59_ where the embryo will implant in the
lining of this organ. The lining of
the organ named in question 59 is called the _60_.
61-68.
At the time of birth, a human female will possess approximately _61_ eggs
[answer with a number]. Each of
these eggs is immature; each egg is surrounded by a group of cells called _62_
cells which will nourish and protect the egg.
After reaching sexual maturity, approximately every _63_ days [answer
with a number] one egg will mature and be ovulated.
Ovulation will typically occur on Day _64_ of the uterine cycle. The egg will remain viable, or capable of being fertilized,
for approximately _65_ hours [answer with a number]. Following ovulation, part of the Graafian follicle will
remain in the ovary and will be converted into a structure named the _66_ which
will produce and release the two hormones _67_ and progesterone.
These two hormones cause the lining of the uterus, which is named the
_68_, to prepare for pregnancy.
69-72.
The uterine cycle will involve a series of events that primarily affect
the body organ named the _69_. Day
_70_ of the uterine cycle is characterized by the beginning of the menstrual
flow. On Day _71_ of the uterine cycle, ovulation will typically
occur. If ovulation does not occur,
the uterine cycle will typically end on Day _72_.
73-75. Birth control pills typically contain the two hormones _73_ and _74_. A female taking birth control pills will ovulate _75_ times [answer with a number] each year.