Place all answers on the attached answer sheet. Where appropriate, you may use standard abbreviations or representations for biological molecules UNLESS you are told otherwise in the question. Assume that cells are normal (i.e., not mutated) UNLESS you are told otherwise.
1. Name the molecules that are the "building blocks" of proteins.
2. Name the molecules that are the "building blocks" of nucleic acids.
3-4. Name (no abbreviations or initials) two kinds of nucleic acids.
5-6. Name the two types of molecules that are present in a chromosome.
7. Which of the two molecules requested in questions 5-6 is used for storing genetic information?
8. Where in a cell are molecules of transfer-RNA manufactured?
9. Where in a cell are molecules of messenger-RNA manufactured?
10. Where in a cell are molecules of ribosomal-RNA manufactured?
11. How many nucleotides are present in a molecule of transfer-RNA?
12. How many nucleotides are present in a codon?
13. Name the molecule in which a codon could be found.
14. Name the molecule in which an anti-codon could be found.
15. How many nucleotides are present in an anti-codon?
16-17. A messenger-RNA molecule contains 12 codons. 16. How many nucleotides are present in the m-RNA? 17. How many amino acids will be in the protein formed using this m-RNA?
18. True or False Insulin is a molecule that helps regulate the amount of sugar in the blood of a human.
19. True or False Insulin is a protein and, therefore, is composed of amino acids.
20. True or False Insulin is a protein whose primary structure is determined by information in a DNA molecule.
21. True or False The section, or part, of a DNA molecule that contains information for building insulin is called a gene.
22. Approximately how many genes are present in each human skin cell?
23. Approximately how many genes are present in each human brain cell?
24. How many genes that are present in one of your liver cells are not also present in one of your lung cells?
25. What is the name of your longest chromosome?
26. How many X chromosomes are present in each of your skin cells?
27. How many Y chromosomes are present in each of your skin cells?
28. How many X chromosomes are present in a human egg?
29. What is the maximum number of X chromosomes that may be present in a normal human sperm?
30. What is the function of BRCA 1 before it mutates?
31. Name one type of mutation that is known to occur in BRCA 1.
32. True or False The mutated form of BRCA 1 is a dominant allele.
33. True or False A person with a mutated form of BRCA 1 has a 100% chance of having breast cancer by the age of 50.
34. True or False Only persons with a mutated form of BRCA 1 have breast cancer.
35. Which of the following has been deliberately genetically modified by humans?
36. A strand of DNA contains 15 nitrogen bases; how many nucleotides are present in this DNA?
37. Name a nitrogen base that is not present in DNA.
38. Name a nitrogen base that is present in DNA but is not present in RNA.
39. Name the nitrogen base that is complementary to guanine.
40-41-42. Name the three components of a nucleotide.
43. Which of the three components of a nucleotide is directly involved in the storage of genetic information?
44. True or False A cure for diabetes will involve either repairing or replacing the defective gene that has information for manufacturing insulin.
45-57. Strand A of DNA contains the following sequence of nitrogen bases:
A-C-A-T-C-T-C-A-C-G-T-G
The following t-RNA molecules (indicated by their anti-codon) are available to transport the amino acid indicated by its number: C-C-T...1; A-C-A...2; U-C-U...3; C-U-C...4;
C-A-C...5; A-G-A...6; G-U-G...7; C-A-C...8; U-G-U...9
45. How many phosphates are present in strand A of DNA?
46. How many molecules of deoxyribose sugar are present in strand A of DNA?
47. How many amino acids will be present in a protein formed using the information in strand A of DNA?
48. How many amino acids will be present in a protein formed using the information in strand B of DNA?
49. How many nucleotides will be present in a molecule of m-RNA formed from strand A of DNA?
50. How many nucleotides will be present in a molecule of m-RNA formed from strand B of DNA?
51. What nitrogen base is present in the fourth nucleotide of a m-RNA formed from strand A of DNA?
52. What nitrogen base in present in the fourth nucleotide of a m-RNA formed from strand B of DNA?
53. Name the cell part where proteins are manufactured.
54. What is the amino acid sequence of a protein formed using the information in strand A of DNA?
55. What is the amino acid sequence of a protein formed using the information in strand B of DNA?
56. A "starting" codon in a m-RNA contains how many nucleotides?
57. How many different kinds of proteins can be formed using the information in one strand of m-RNA?
58-62. A mutation occurs in strand A of the DNA shown above. A nucleotide containing cytosine substitutes for the fourth nucleotide in strand A of DNA.
58. How many nucleotides are now present in strand A of DNA?
59. Which nitrogen base will be present in the fourth nucleotide of a m-RNA that forms from the mutated strand of DNA?
60. How many amino acids will be present in a protein formed using the information in the mutated strand of DNA?
61. What is the amino acid sequence of a protein formed using the information in the mutated strand of DNA?
62. True or False The protein formed from the original (unmutated) strand A of DNA and the protein formed from the mutated strand of DNA will have different primary structures.
63. Enzymes are composed of _?_
64. Name the location on an enzyme where a substrate, or reactant, attaches.
65. If a cell has 840 different kinds of chemical reactions in progress at the same time, how many different kinds of enzymes would probably be present in that cell?
66. The cell with 840 different kinds of chemical reactions would have how many genes that either are active or have recently been active?
67. Most genes in most cells are _?_ most of the time.
68. Most genetic mutations are:
69. Which of your chromosomes probably has the largest number of genes?
70. What is the sex of a person who has three sex chromosomes per body cell?
71. Non-disjunction commonly results in a human gamete:
72. Name (do not use abbreviations or initials) the molecule that is used by all living cells to provide energy for cell and organismal activities.
73. True or False Human insulin is now manufactured by bacteria.
74. How many different kinds of amino acids are used to construct proteins?
75. Which of the human sexes is genetically superior to the other?