ZOOL. 251 EXAM QUESTIONS - BONE TISSUE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69] [70-79] [80-89] [90-99] [100-109] [110-119] [120-]

[BATCH 932]

[BATCH 981]

[BATCH 973]

[BATCH 941]

[BATCH 963]

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BATCH 932

[1-9] [10-19]

1-10

1. Cartilage is part of which system?
   1. skeletal
   2. muscular
   3. integumentary
   4. nervous [top]

2. Cartilage is:
   1. harder than bone
   2. more flexible than bone
   3. less flexible than bone
   4. softer than dense fibrous CT
   5. more cellular than adipose CT [top]

3. An osteoblast in your skeleton is most likely in:
   1. telophase
   2. interphase G0
   3. interphase S
   4. interphase G2
   5. anything is possible except for b [top]

4. Most of the volume of bone is occupied by:
   1. extracellular matrix
   2. osteocytes
   3. osteoblasts [top]

5. The protein fiber that is stronger than steel is:
   1. collagen
   2. elastin
   3. reticular
   4. keratin
   5. myosin [top]

6. Which of the following hormones is/are required for normal bone growth?
   1. growth hormone
   2. estrogen or testosterone
   3. thyroid hormone
   4. all of the above
   5. only two of the above [top]

7. The hormone(s) that stimulate(s) osteoclasts is:
   1. calcitonin
   2. parathyroid hormone
   3. thyroid hormone
   4. calcitriol
   5. estrogen or testosterone [top]

8. Which hormone(s) cause(s) fusion of the epiphyseal plates of long bones?
   1. growth hormone
   2. estrogen or testosterone
   3. thryoid hormone
   4. calcitonin
   5. parathyroid hormone [top]

9. Which connective tissue(s) function(s) in fat storage?
   1. areolar
   2. adipose
   3. bone
   4. b & c
   5. all of the above [top]

10-19

10. The pinky toe bone is classified as:
    1. long
    2. short
    3. flat
    4. irregular
    5. sesamoid [top]

11. The organic matrix of bone is called:
    1. hydroxyapatite
    2. osteoclast
    3. osteoid
    4. cartilage
    5. red marrow [top]

12. The surface layer of all shapes of bone is composed of:
    1. compact bone
    2. spongy bone
    3. red marrow
    4. yellow marrow
    5. metaphysis [top]

13. Osteocytes are located in:
    1. red marrow cavities
    2. yellow marrow cavities
    3. lacunae
    4. canaliculi
    5. central canal [top]

14. The type of cell that destroys bone matrix is the:
    1. osteoblast
    2. osteoclast
    3. osteocyte
    4. chondroblast [top]

15. In a six week embryo, long bones are mostly:
    1. compact bone
    2. spongy bone
    3. fibrous connective tissue
    4. cartilage
    5. red marrow [top]

16. Osteocytes receive nutrients from blood by way of the:
    1. central canal
    2. perforating canals
    3. canaliculi
    4. osteoclasts
    5. spongy marrow cavities [top]

BATCH 981

[20-29] [30-39] [40-49]

17. Unlike cartilage, bone
    1. is a connective tissue
    2. has a matrix that contains collagen
    3. is richly vascularized
    4. contains lacunae
    5. supports and binds the body [top]

18. The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from mainly one direction.
    1. spongy
    2. trabecular
    3. compact
    4. lamellar
    5. irregular [top]

19. In adults, the medullary cavity of long bones contains
    1. compact bone
    2. osteons
    3. periosteum
    4. cartilage
    5. yellow marrow [top] [10]

20-29

20. Which vitamin stimulates the formation of osteoblasts and is needed to make collagen?
    1. C
    2. A
    3. K
    4. B₁₂
    5. D [top]

21. The hormone calcitonin functions to
    1. stimulate osteoclasts
    2. decrease calcium excretion
    3. decrease calcium absorption by the gut
    4. decrease blood calcium levels
    5. stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts [top]

22. A lack of exercise would
    1. cause bones to become thicker
    2. cause bones to store more calcium
    3. result in thin and brittle bones
    4. increase the length of a bone
    5. increase osteoblast activity [top]

23. Place these steps of bone repair in the proper sequence

1. cartilage is replaced by spongy bone 2. bone remodelling 3. soft callus formation 4. hematoma formation

1. 1, 2, 3, 4
2. 2, 1, 3, 4
3. 4, 3, 1, 2
4. 3, 4, 2, 1
5. 3, 1, 2, 4 [top]

24. Name of disorder that results from abnormally high levels of growth hormone after puberty
    1. Paget’s disease
    2. Marfan’s syndrome
    3. acromegaly
    4. rickets
    5. gigantism [top]

25. Describe six functions of the skeletal system. [top]

26. The foramen magnum would be found in the ___________________ bone
    1. frontal
    2. parietal
    3. sphenoid
    4. occipital
    5. temporal [top]

27. A major artery that delivers blood to the brain passes through the
    1. mastoid foramen
    2. stylomastoid foramen
    3. jugular foramen
    4. carotid canal
    5. foramen lacerum [top]

28. Which of the following statements about the functions of the sinuses is false?
    1. they provide an extensive area of mucous epithelium
    2. they lessen the weight of the skull
    3. they enhance resonance of the voice
    4. their mucous secretions flush out the nasal cavities
    5. they are isolated from each other, i.e., not connected [top]

29. The bony roof of the mouth is formed by ___________________ bone(s).
    1. palatine
    2. vomer
    3. maxillae
    4. sphenoid
    5. a and c [top] [20]

30-39

30. The hyoid bone
    1. is part of the mandible
    2. is located inferior to the larynx
    3. plays no role in swallowing
    4. supports the tongue
    5. attaches to the cervical vertebrae [top]

31. Which part of a vertebral bone functions to transfer weight to the vertebral bone below it?
    1. intervertebral foramen
    2. inferior articular process
    3. transverse process
    4. vertebral arch
    5. body [top]

32. After a hard fall, compression fractures most often involve the
    1. first two cervical vertebrae
    2. the 7th cervical and the 1st thoracic vertebrae
    3. the last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
    4. the sacrum
    5. the coccyx [top]

33. Which of the following is not a function of the ribcage?
    1. attachment point for trunk muscles
    2. protection of heart, lungs, and thymus
    3. supports the shoulders and upper limbs
    4. respiration
    5. helps center weight of body over the vertebral column [top]

34. An exaggerated lateral curvature of the vertebral column is termed
    1. kyphosis
    2. lordosis
    3. mentosis
    4. scoliosis
    5. hunchback [top]

35. The odontoid process (dens) would be found on the
    1. atlas
    2. axis
    3. sacrum
    4. coccyx
    5. ribs [top]

36. The ___________________ is the most frequently fractured bone in the entire body
    1. xiphoid process
    2. phalanx
    3. fibula
    4. sphenoid
    5. clavicle [top]

37. These two structures prevent hyperextension of the forearm
    1. olecranon fossa and olecranon process
    2. styloid process and scaphoid
    3. coronoid fossa and coronoid process
    4. head of humerus and glenoid cavity (fossa)
    5. trochlea and capitulum [top]

38. The ___________________ is the most anterior bone of the pelvic girdle, and it supports the bladder
    1. ilium
    2. ischium
    3. pubis
    4. sacrum
    5. talus [top]

39. When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the
    1. talus and calcaneus
    2. talus and cuneiforms
    3. calcaneus and cuneiforms
    4. cuboid and cuneiforms
    5. calcaneus and cuboid [top] [30]

40-49

40. The pectoral girdle articulates with the axial skeleton only through the
    1. scapula
    2. clavicle
    3. humerus
    4. body of sternum
    5. xiphoid process [top]

41. A symphysis is an example of a(n)
    1. syndesmosis
    2. fibrous joint
    3. suture
    4. cartilaginous joint
    5. synovial joint [top]

42. The ___________________ are flattened fibrous sacs containing synovial fluid often found where tendons rub against bone
    1. fat pads
    2. bursae
    3. articular cartilages
    4. menisci
    5. synchondroses [top]

43. Which factor is most important in influencing synovial joint stability
    1. amount of synovial fluid
    2. thickness of synovial membrane
    3. muscle tone
    4. ligaments
    5. the goodness of fit betweenthe articular surfaces [top]

44. Joint disease caused by abnormally high blood levels of uric acid. The excess uric acid is deposited as crystalline needles in the soft tissue of joints
    1. bursitis
    2. tendonitis
    3. gouty arthritis
    4. rheumatoid arthritis
    5. osteoarthritis [top]

45. A(n) ___________________ is a pad of fibrocartilage found in a synovial joint that improves the fit between the articulating bones
    1. a. meniscus
    2. b. symphysis
    3. c. bunion
    4. d. tendon sheath
    5. e. articular cartilage [top]

46. Trabeculae are
    1. small bars of bone found in spongy bone
    2. passageways for nerves to run through bone
    3. passageways for blood vessels to run through bone
    4. traps within bone that house osteocytes
    5. concentric layers of bone surrounding osteocytes [top]

47. This type of bone cell acts to build new bone mass
    1. osteocytes
    2. osteogenic cells
    3. osteoblasts
    4. osteoclasts
    5. chondrocytes [top]

48. When bones form through intramembranous ossification
    1. the bones develop first as a dense regular connective tissue model
    2. the bones develop first as a cartilage model
    3. they only persist through infancy
    4. they don’t even start to form until adulthood
    5. the bones develop directly -- there is no model stage [top]

49. Which vitamin is most important in enabling the gut to absorb calcium?
    1. C
    2. K
    3. B₁₂
    4. D
    5. A [top] [40]

50-59

50. Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts and stimulates the intestines to absorb more calcium?
    1. calcitriol
    2. calcitonin
    3. thyroid hormone
    4. growth hormone
    5. parathyroid hormone [top]

BATCH 973

[50-59] [60-69] [70-79]

51. The formation of long bones from a hyaline cartilage template is termed what type of osteogenesis?
    1. endochondral
    2. periosteal
    3. intramembranous
    4. appositional
    5. trabecular [top]

52. The term applied to a collection of circular layers of bone matrix or lamellae around a central blood vessel is:
    1. interstitium
    2. matrix
    3. osteon
    4. endosteum
    5. trabeculae [top]

53. Collagenous fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone are termed:
    1. reticular
    2. lamellar
    3. Volkmann's
    4. diaphysial
    5. Sharpey's [top]

54. The primary function of red bone marrow is:
    1. hematopoiesis
    2. osteogenesis
    3. fat storage
    4. epiphyseal growth
    5. none of the above [top]

55. The hormone that is essential to regulation of plasma Ca levels through its effects to stimulate osteoclast activity, increase bone resorption and plasma Ca levels is:
    1. calcitonin
    2. parathyroid hormone
    3. thyroid hormone
    4. growth hormone
    5. none of the above [top]

56. In the process of long bone fracture repair, the stage in which fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts are all active would be termed:
    1. bony callous formation
    2. hematoma
    3. fibrocartilagenous callous formation
    4. remodeling
    5. none of the above [top]

57. The widening of bones due to placement of new osteons along the outer surface of the diaphysis is what kind of growth?
    1. longitudinal
    2. interstitial
    3. appositional
    4. intramembranous
    5. none of the above [top]

58. In long bone ossification where does a secondary ossification center develop?
    1. epiphyses
    2. diaphysis
    3. articular surface
    4. medullary cavity
    5. none of the above [top]

59. When does bony callous formation occur?
    1. during interstitial growth
    2. during fracture repair
    3. during endochondral ossification
    4. during appositional growth
    5. none of the above [top] [50]

60-69

60. What is the name given to the connective tissue sheet that surrounds each muscle fiber?
    1. perimysium
    2. endomysium
    3. epimysium
    4. sarcolemma
    5. none of the above [top]

61. Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones serves to:
    1. attach tendons
    2. produce red blood cells
    3. cushion the articulating joint ends
    4. form the synovial membrane
    5. none of the above [top]

62. The most common form of arthritis or osteoarthritis is called the "wear and tear" disease and results primarily from?
    1. loss of articular cartilage
    2. loss of synovial fluid
    3. loss of menisci
    4. excess Ca deposition
    5. none of the above [top]

63. All synovial joints would be included in which of the following categories?
    1. amphiarthroses
    2. diarthroses
    3. synarthroses
    4. synchondroses
    5. all of the above [top]

64. In a complex synovial joint such as the knee, which of the following is not present?
    1. synovial fluid
    2. fibrocartilage pads
    3. hyaline cartilage
    4. synovial membrane
    5. none of the above[top]

65. The mechanism of action for parathyroid hormone includes which of the following effects?
    1. increased osteoclast activity
    2. increased gut Ca absorption
    3. increased kidney Ca reabsorption
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above[top]

66. Which of the major cell types found in bone is not of mesenchymal origin?
    1. osteoblasts
    2. osteoclasts
    3. osteocytes
    4. osteoprogenitor cells
    5. none of the above [top]

67. The type of connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at joint surfaces is:
    1. hyaline
    2. elastic
    3. dense irregular
    4. fibrocartilage
    5. none of the above[top]

68. Which of the following joints is representative of synarthroses?
    1. sutures
    2. gomposes
    3. synchrondroses
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

69. The cells of mature bone are termed?
    1. osteocytes
    2. lacunae
    3. osteons
    4. canaliculi
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [60]

70-79

70. The primary function of reticular connective tissue is to provide which of the following?
    1. resistance against compressive stress
    2. form a soft supportive internal skeleton
    3. attach muscle to bone
    4. wrap and cushion organs
    5. insulate against heat loss [top]

71. The type of connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at joint surfaces is:
    1. hyaline
    2. elastic
    3. dense irregular
    4. fibrocartilage
    5. none of the above [top]

72. The formation of long bones from a hyaline cartilage template is termed what type of osteogenesis?
    1. endochondral
    2. periosteal
    3. intramembranous
    4. appositional
    5. trabecular [top]

73. The source of synovial fluid is:
    1. fibrous capsule secretion
    2. filtration across the synovial membrane
    3. filtration across the articular cartilag
    4. fibroblast secretion
    5. none of the above [top]

74. Which of the following hormones contributes to bone growth and development by increasing available Ca and PO₄ levels?
    1. growth hormone
    2. thyroid hormone
    3. estrogen
    4. activated vitamin D₃
    5. none of the above [top]

75. Which of the following joints is representative of synarthroses?
    1. sutures
    2. gomposes
    3. synchrondroses
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

BATCH 941

[80-89] [90-99]

76. The functions of bone include:
    1. support, leverage & protection.
    2. fat & mineral storage.
    3. hematopoiesis.
    4. all of the above.
    5. none of the above. [top]

77. Which of the following cell types traces its origins back to the osteoprogenitor cell?
    1. osteoblast
    2. osteoclast
    3. osteocyte
    4. a & b
    5. a & c [top]

78. Which of the following cell types traces its origin back to a monocyte?
    1. osteoblast
    2. osteoclast
    3. osteocyte
    4. a & b
    5. a & c [top]

79. Osteoid is:
    1. the organic part of bone matrix, primarily composed of collagen fibers.
    2. a type of cell that exists within the lacunae to help maintain healthy bone tissue within an osteon.
    3. an anatomical structure of consisting of circular layers of osseous tissue.
    4. the crystallized mineral portion of bone.
    5. the small spicules of bone that form initially during ossification of new bone. [top] [50] [70]

80-89

80. Hydroxyapatite is:
    1. the organic part of bone matrix, primarily composed of collagen fibers.
    2. a crystallized salt of calcium carbonate which gives bone its rigidity.
    3. a crystallized salt of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide which gives bone its rigidity.
    4. a crystallized salt of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide which gives bone its rigidity.
    5. a bizarre disorder in which people crave eating basic salts like sodium hydroxide. [top]

81. Trabeculae are located in:
    1. compact bone.
    2. spongy bone.
    3. osteons.
    4. lamellae.
    5. lacunae. [top]

82. Yellow marrow is primarily located in:
    1. the spongy bone.
    2. the marrow cavity of the epiphysis of an adult.
    3. the marrow cavity of the epiphysis of an infant.
    4. the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult.
    5. the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an infant. [top]

83. Red marrow is primarily located in:
    1. the spongy bone.
    2. the marrow cavity of the epiphysis of an adult.
    3. the marrow cavity of the epiphysis of an infant.
    4. the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult.
    5. the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an infant. [top]

84. Long bone growth is due to:
    1. the activity of chondrocytes only at the epiphyseal plate.
    2. the activity of osteoblasts only at the epiphyseal plate.
    3. the activity of chondrocytes and osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate.
    4. increased bone remodeling in areas where stress and tension are generated due to muscle activity.
    5. the activity of chondrocytes and osteoblasts at the ends of the epiphyses. [top]

85. Which of the following hormones are required for normal long bone growth from infancy to adulthood?
    1. growth hormone
    2. estrogen or testosterone
    3. thyroid hormone
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

86. Which of the following hormones is responsible for fusion of the epiphyseal plate?
    1. growth hormone
    2. estrogen or testosterone
    3. thyroid hormone
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

Match each hormone to its function.

90-99

90. Gomphosis is a category of synarthrosis which is illustrated by which of the following joints?
    1. the teeth and the jaw
    2. the tibia and fibula
    3. the right and left halves of the pelvis
    4. the knee
    5. the shoulder [top]

91. Which of the following contributes to the stability of a joint?
    1. the ligaments
    2. the articular cartilage
    3. the tendons and muscles that cross the joint
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

92. Explain what steps a young to middle-aged adult can take to help avoid osteoporosis in their lifetime. How does each of these steps influence bone

93. Describe intramembranous and endochondral ossification as completely as you can. Be sure to make the distinction between these two types of ossification and to indicate which bones are formed by each of these types of ossification.deposition and resorption (remodeling)? [top]

BATCH 963

[100-109] [110-119] [120-]

94. The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the:
    1. osteocyte.
    2. osteoblast.
    3. osteoclast.
    4. chondrocyte. [top]

95. Cranial bones develop:
    1. from cartilage models.
    2. within fibrous membranes.
    3. from a tendon.
    4. after birth. [top]

96. Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone?
    1. decreases the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
    2. stimulates osteoclasts
    3. inhibits osteoblasts
    4. increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys [top]

97. What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
    1. elastic connective tissue
    2. dense fibrous connective tissue
    3. fibrocartilage
    4. hyaline cartilage [top]

98. Which of the following glands or organs produce hormones which tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
    1. diploe
    2. thyroid
    3. parathyroid
    4. spleen [top]

99. Ossification of the ends of long bones:
    1. is characteristic of intramembranous bone formation.
    2. involves medullary cavity formation.
    3. is characterized by a secondary ossification center
    4. takes twice as long as the diaphysis. [top]

100-109

100. Which of the following is (are) the function(s) of the skeletal system?
     1. support
     2. storage of minerals
     3. production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
     4. a and c only
     5. All of these. [top] [50] [90]

101. Bone growth (lengthwise) during infancy and youth is exclusively through:
     1. the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity.
     2. interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plates.
     3. differentiation of osteoclasts.
     4. calcification of the matrix. [top]

102. In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of youngsters closes too early. What might be the cause?
     1. overproduction of thyroid hormone
     2. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
     3. too much vitamin D in the diet
     4. elevated levels of sex hormones [top]

103. A patient suffering from osteoporosis would benefit from a treatment that would block the activity of ....
     1. osteoclasts
     2. osteocytes
     3. chrondrocytes
     4. osteoprogenitor cells [top]

104. Appositional bone growth is best characterized as
     1. longitudinal growth of bone
     2. growth that thickens the bone
     3. bone remodeling
     4. interstitial growth of bone [top]

105. During endochondral ossification the osteoclasts are carried into the bone by the....
     1. osteoblasts
     2. bone collar
     3. periosteal bud
     4. osteoclasts [top]

106. Which of the following is the inorganic component of bone
     1. proteoglycans
     2. hydroxyapatite
     3. collagen
     4. gycoproteins
     5. both a and d [top]

107. During bone growth there is a need form collagen synthesis. Which of the following is required for collagen synthesis
     1. vitamin C
     2. vitamin A
     3. vitamin K
     4. vitamin B12 [top]

108. The patella is an example of a...
     1. irregular bone
     2. flat bone
     3. sutural bone
     4. sesamoid bone
     5. short bone [top]

109. During bone formation list the order in which these cells would occur

1. osteoprogenitor cell 2. osteocyte 3. osteoblast 4. mesenchymal cells

1. 1, 3, 2, 4
2. 3, 4, 1, 2
3. 3, 1, 4, 2
4. 4, 3, 1, 2
5. 4, 1, 3, 2 [top] [50] [100]

110-119

Match the following:

114. Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone?
     1. decreases the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
     2. stimulates osteoclasts
     3. inhibits osteoblasts
     4. increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys [top]

115. During endochondral ossification, the osteoclasts are carried into the bone by the....
     1. osteoblasts
     2. bone collar
     3. periosteal bud
     4. osteoclasts [top]

116. Which of the following is the inorganic component of bone?
     1. proteoglycans
     2. hydroxyapatite
     3. collagen
     4. gycoproteins
     5. both a and d [top]

117. During bone growth there is a need form collagen synthesis. Which of the following is required for collagen synthesis?
     1. vitamin C
     2. vitamin A
     3. vitamin K
     4. vitamin B12[top]

118. The patellae is an example of a...
     1. irregular bone
     2. flat bone
     3. sutural bone
     4. sesamoid bone
     5. short bone [top]

119. During bone formation list the order in which these cells would occur:

1. osteoprogenitor cell 2. osteocyte 3. osteoblast 4. mesenchymal cells

1. 1, 3, 2, 4
2. 3, 4, 1, 2
3. 3, 1, 4, 2
4. 4, 3, 1, 2
5. 4, 1, 3, 2[top] [50] [100] [110]

 

Match the following:

124. The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate:
     1. cartilage tissue.
     2. fibrocartilaginous tissue.
     3. osseous (bone) tissue.
     4. areolar (loose connective) tissue. [top]

125. The fiber type that is most responsible for giving connective tissue great tensile strength is
     1. elastic fiber.
     2. collagen fiber.
     3. reticular fiber.
     4. muscle fiber. [top]

126. Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breakdown) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
     1. osteoclasts
     2. osteocytes
     3. chrondrocytes
     4. stem cells [top]