ZOOL. 252 EXAM QUESTIONS - CARDIOVASCULAR

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69] [70-79] [80-89] [90-99] [100-109] [110-119] [120-129] [130-139] [140-149] [150-159] [160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-199] [200-209] [210-219] [220-229] [230-]

[BATCH 931]

[BATCH 972]

[BATCH 961]

[BATCH 962]

[BATCH 941]

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BATCH 931

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59]

1-9

  1. The epicardium is also known as the:
    1. endothelium
    2. visceral pericardium
    3. parietal pericardium
    4. myocardium
    5. tunica intima [top]
  1. Choose the FALSE statement.
    1. the pericardium consists of two layers
    2. the pericardium secretes a lubricant
    3. each of the four chambers of the heart contracts independently
    4. the myocardium contains some muscle tissue that doesn’t contract
    5. the septum divides the right and left halves of the heart [top]
  1. A blood drop in the myocardium will pass thru _________ on its way to the right atrium.
    1. ductus arteriosus
    2. foramen ovale
    3. superior vena cava
    4. inferior vena cava
    5. coronary sinus [top]
  1. A blood drop in the pulmonary circ. will pass thru _____ on its way to the left atrium.
    1. pulmonary vein
    2. pulmonary artery
    3. coronary sinus
    4. superior vena cava
    5. aorta [top]
  1. The chordae tendineae lack tension (are slack) as a result of:
    1. atrial relaxation
    2. ventricular relaxation
    3. atrial contraction
    4. ventricular contraction
    5. low O2 levels [top]
  1. The chordae tendineae achieve tension (are taut) as a result of:
    1. their contraction
    2. contraction of the papillary muscles
    3. opening of the AV valves
    4. opening of the semilunar valves
    5. activity in the SA node [top]
  1. The myocardium receives O2 and nutrients from:
    1. diffusion directly from the blood in the atria
    2. diffusion directly from the blood in the ventricles
    3. diffusion directly from the lungs
    4. capillary beds of the coronary circulation
    5. capillary beds of the pulmonary circulation [top]
  1. The feature that has led scientists to refer to the heart as a "functional syncytium" is:
    1. gap junctions
    2. desmosomes
    3. tight junctions
    4. fibrous skeleton
    5. nodal conduction system [top]
  1. What happens to Ca++ when a myocardial cell relaxes?
    1. it is pumped out of the cell
    2. it is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage
    3. it enters the cell through calcium channels
    4. it is pumped into the T-tubules for storage
    5. a & b [top]

10-19

  1. Cardiac and skeletal muscle similarities include:
    1. the involvement of Ca++ in generating the action potential
    2. contraction is preceded by the generation of an action potential
    3. contraction is stimulated by neurotransmitter
    4. cells are connected to neighboring cells by intercalated disks
    5. entire organ contracts in an all-or-none fashion [top]
  1. Phrases which accurately describe all cells of the nodal conduction system of the heart include:
    1. unstable resting membrane potential, Vm
    2. pacemakers
    3. spontaneously active
    4. large size
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Spinal motor neurons are involved in _____________________ regulation of heart rate.
    1. sympathetic
    2. parasympathetic
    3. hormonal [top]
  1. When the ventricles contract, the papillary fibers:
    1. contract
    2. relax
    3. open
    4. close
    5. stretch [top]
  1. The cells of the atria and ventricles are almost electrically isolated from each other due to the:
    1. nodal conduction system
    2. fibrous skeleton
    3. AV valves
    4. AV node
    5. semilunar valves [top]
  1. Muscarinic receptor molecules are associated with:
    1. decrease in heart rate
    2. increase in heart rate
    3. skeletal muscle contraction
    4. hormonal regulation of heart rate
    5. hormonal regulation of stroke volume [top]
  1. Abnormality in function of the Purkinje fibers would most likely be detected in:
    1. P wave
    2. QRS complex
    3. T wave
    4. all of the above
    5. heart sounds [top]
  1. The cardiac cycle is normally described from the perspective of the:
    1. right atrium
    2. right ventricle
    3. left atrium
    4. left ventricle
    5. aorta [top]
  1. The muscle layer of blood vessels is described as circular muscle because:
    1. each cell is round in cross section
    2. several cells are oriented end-to-end to form an approximate circle
    3. each cell forms a ring-shape by itself [top]
  1. AV valves open when:
    1. pressure in the atria exceeds pressure in the ventricles
    2. pressure in the ventricles exceeds pressure in the atria
    3. atria contract
    4. ventricles contractpapillary muscles contract [top] [10]

20-29

  1. In the average person at rest, how much blood moves through the heart each min?
    1. 5-7 times the body’s total blood volume
    2. half the body’s total blood volume
    3. all of the body’s blood volume
    4. 75% of the body’s total blood volume
    5. 70-75 mL [top]
  1. The Frank-Starling Principle could be most closely mimicked by:
    1. injecting fluid into the right atrium
    2. removing fluid from the right atrium
    3. squirting acetylcholine onto the heart
    4. squirting epinephrine onto the heart
    5. standing on your head [top]
  1. The source of epinephrine is the:
    1. atria
    2. ventricles
    3. adrenal cortex
    4. adrenal medulla
    5. liver [top]
  1. Most (maybe all) cardiac fibrillation is caused by:
    1. blocked blood flow
    2. myocardial infarction
    3. heart murmurs
    4. cell death
    5. electrical shock [top]
  1. Most myocardial infarction is caused by:
    1. fibrillation
    2. blocked blood flow
    3. cell death
    4. heart murmurs
    5. electrical shock [top]
  1. Blood flow to the capillary beds of the head is assisted by:
    1. the presence of valves in the arteries leading to the head
    2. the high pressure gradient in the arterial circulation of the head
    3. the presence of valves in the veins leading from the head
    4. the high pressure gradient in the venous circulation of the head [top]
  1. Lack of complete collapse of the ductus arteriosus would result in abnormalities most resembling:
    1. myocardial infarction
    2. fibrillation
    3. heart murmurs
    4. blocked blood flow
    5. electrical shock [top]
  1. While most diffusion of substances into and out of the bloodstream occurs at the capillaries, some also occurs in the smaller:
    1. venules
    2. arterioles
    3. arteries
    4. veins
    5. a & b [top]
  1. Blood flows away from the fetal placenta, toward the fetus, in which vessel?
    1. umbilical artery
    2. umbilical vein
    3. placental artery
    4. placental vein
    5. hepatic portal vein [top]
  1. The vessels that regulate blood flow to specific organs are the:
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. venules
    5. veins [top] [20]

30-39

  1. In comparing the renal artery to the renal vein:
    1. the lumen diameter of the vein is greater
    2. the wall thickness of the vein is greater
    3. the tunica media is thicker in the vein
    4. the blood pressure is greater in the vein
    5. the blood is more oxygenated in the vein [top]
  1. What is unique about fetal hemoglobin?
    1. it is made by the yolk sac
    2. it provides protection against attack by the mother’s immune system
    3. it is yellow in color
    4. it has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
    5. it can cross the placenta [top]
  1. A function of the pericardium is to:
    1. direct the spread of electrical current in the heart
    2. secrete a lubricating fluid
    3. secrete fat to protect the heart
    4. anchor the heart to the aorta
    5. provide the myocardium with a blood supply [top]
  1. What is the contribution of heart valves to the circulatory system?
    1. help generate pressure gradients
    2. regulate the direction of blood flow
    3. help direct the spread of electrical current
    4. origin of the pacemaker potentials
    5. allow for nearly simultaneous contraction of the chambers [top]
  1. Why is the SA node the main pacemaker of the heart?
    1. SA cells contract with more force
    2. SA cells generate most intense action potentials
    3. SA cells generate the highest rate of action potentials
    4. only SA cells are connected by gap junctions
    5. only SA cells optimize the degree of overlap of thick and thin filaments [top]
  1. Where along the circulatory system do most substances enter or leave the blood?
    1. arterioles
    2. arteries
    3. capillaries
    4. veins [top]
  1. Fetal blood flows from the pulmonary artery directly into the aorta, through the ductus arteriosus. What does this suggest about the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery relative to the blood pressure in the aorta in the fetus?
    1. higher, just like in adults
    2. higher, unlike in adults
    3. lower, just like in adults
    4. lower, unlike in adults [top]
  1. Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn. Your answer should include the following: What causes jaundice? Is there is difference in risk depending on birth order? Do both rh+ and rh- mothers need to be equally concerned? Do ABO incompatibilities matter at all? [top]

 

  1. Explain the cardiac cycle. Your answer should include the following - pressure changes in the heart chambers and aorta; whether or not heart valves are open or closed; definition of systole and diastole; change in blood volume in the heart chambers. You can summarize much of this in well-labelled graphs to support your written description. [top]

 

  1. Choose the TRUE statement.
    1. blood pressure measured in the brachial vein is the systemic blood pressure
    2. blood flows from low to high pressure
    3. resistance of large blood vessels is very low
    4. blood vessel length is actively regulated
    5. an inelastic aorta would have less fluctuation in blood pressure [top] [30]

40-49

  1. Dietary salt intake is associated with high systemic blood pressure because salt:
    1. stimulates secretion of aldosterone
    2. inhibits secretion of angiotensin II
    3. promotes vasodilation
    4. promotes an increase in blood volume
    5. promotes vasoconstriction [top]
  1. Oxygen delivery to exercising skeletal muscle increases because:
    1. low PO2 triggers vasoconstriction in local blood vessels
    2. low PO2 triggers sytemic vasoconstriction
    3. norepinephrine triggers vasodilation in local blood vessels
    4. hemoglobin affinity for O2 increases
    5. blood flow rate increases as a result of the rising body temperature [top]
  1. Which of the following is NOT a target of ANF?
    1. heart
    2. kidney
    3. blood vessels
    4. adrenal cortex
    5. posterior pituitary [top]
  1. The biggest drop in blood pressure occurs from___________________ to ___________________.
    1. largest arteries; the beginning of capillaries
    2. the beginning of capillaries; the end of capillaries
    3. the end of capillaries; the largest veins
    4. left ventricle; aorta
    5. pulmonary arteries; pulmonary veins [top]
  1. The vasomotor center is inhibited by:
    1. detection by baroreceptors of BP increase
    2. detection by baroreceptors of BP decrease
    3. detection by chemoreceptors of pH decrease
    4. detection by chemoreceptors of P O2 decrease
    5. epinephrine [top]
  1. The lymphatic system is necessary because:
    1. osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure in the capillary beds
    2. hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure in the capillary beds
    3. capillaries do not allow water to diffuse into the blood
    4. the presence of albumin reduces the inward diffusion of water into the blood
    5. all blood must be filtered [top]
  1. Contraction of the heart ventricles increases pressure in the chambers, causing:
    1. AV and semilunar valves to open
    2. AV and semilunar valves to close
    3. AV valves to close and semilunar valves to open
    4. AV valves to open and semilunar valves to close
    5. valve function is independent of pressure [top]
  1. Arteries in the head and neck must contain valves because blood is flowing away from gravitational pull.
    1. true, otherwise blood could not go up the neck and into the head
    2. true, and in fact all arteries have valves
    3. false, arterial blood pressure is sufficiently high that valves are unnecessary [top]
  1. What feature of the heart allows for nearly simultaneous contraction of all of the cells of a given chamber?
    1. gap junctions between neighboring cells
    2. desmosomes between neighboring cells
    3. contact of all cells by the conduction fibers
    4. synchronization of action potentials in all neurons of the vagus nerve
    5. presence of nodes in each chamber [top]
  1. What is the critical factor in the bigger delay between SA and AV node activity than between any other two parts of the nodal conduction system?
    1. SA and AV node are not connected at all
    2. SA and AV node are connected by non-contractile atrial cells
    3. SA and AV node are connected by smaller atrial cells
    4. SA and AV node are connected by larger atrial cells
    5. SA and AV node are connected by contractile atrial cells [top] [40]

50-59

  1. Which picture represents the summed action potential(s) of most cells of the heart? [top]

 

  1. To keep cardiac output constant, what must happen if stroke volume increases?
    1. HR must increase
    2. HR must decrease
    3. BP must decrease
    4. BP must increase
    5. R must increase [top]
  1. Which is the most accurate definition of artery?
    1. a blood vessel that carries highly oxygenated blood
    2. a blood vessel that lacks valves
    3. a blood vessel that contains valves
    4. a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart
    5. a blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart [top]
  1. Your body regulates resistance to blood flow by altering:
    1. blood viscosity
    2. blood vessel diameter
    3. blood vessel length
    4. cardiac output
    5. blood volume [top]
  1. The excess bilirubin associated with jaundice often results from:
    1. overproduction of bile by the liver
    2. accumulation of hemoglobin breakdown products
    3. excess anti-RH antibody production
    4. inactivated complement proteins
    5. oversecretion of neurotransmitter by the rubrospinal nucleus [top]

BATCH 972

[60-69] [70-79] [80-89] [90-99]

  1. The endothelium of the heart may also be called the:
    1. endocardium
    2. myocardium
    3. pericardium
    4. pericardium
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. In a normal adult, where will the myocardium of the heart be the thickest?
    1. right atrium
    2. right ventricle
    3. left atrium
    4. left ventricle
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following vessels delivers blood to the right atrium?
    1. superior vena cava
    2. coronary sinus
    3. inferior vena cava
    4. 1 and 3
    5. 1, 2 and 3 [top]
  1. The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram is indicative of:
    1. atrial depolarization
    2. ventricular depolarization
    3. atrial repolarization
    4. ventricular depolarization
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Small muscles attached to chordae tendineae that are important to tricuspid and bicuspid valve closure are the:
    1. trabeculae carneae
    2. papillary muscles
    3. pectinate muscles
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top] [50]

60-69

  1. The tricuspid valve is closed when:
    1. the ventricle is in diastole
    2. the atrium is contracting
    3. the atrium is relaxed
    4. the ventricle is in systole
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following statements is correct?
    1. the mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
    2. the semilunar valves open at the end of ventricular contraction
    3. the AV valves open during ventricular contraction
    4. semilunar valves control blood flow into the heart
    5. none of the above. [top]
  1. A decrease in which of the following parameters would result in an increase in cardiac output (CO)?
    1. stroke volume
    2. end systolic volume
    3. end diastolic volume
    4. venous return
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The dicrotic notch represents:
    1. aortic semilunar valve closure
    2. mitral valve closure
    3. pulmonary semilunar valve closure
    4. tricuspid valve closure
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The development of chronic systemic hypertension is detrimental to the heart due to:
    1. increased preload
    2. increased afterload
    3. decreased preload
    4. decreased afterload
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. If the vagus nerves were cut, the heart rate would:
    1. remain unchanged
    2. decrease
    3. increase
    4. alternatively speed-up and slow-down
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. During the isovolemic contraction phase of ventricular systole:
    1. the AV valves open and ventricular pressure decreases
    2. the AV valves close and ventricular pressure increases
    3. ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
    4. 1 and 3
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The difference between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV), i.e. (EDV minus ESV) is:
    1. stroke volume
    2. cardiac output
    3. preload
    4. atrial volume
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. An increase in which of the following would serve to decrease end systolic volume (ESV):
    1. preload
    2. afterload
    3. venous return
    4. contractility
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The volume of blood within the ventricle at the end of diastole is referred to as:
    1. stroke volume
    2. end systolic volume
    3. end diastolic volume
    4. stretch volume
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [60]

70-79

  1. Although the heart maintains an intrinsic regulatory system, extrinsic factors important to cardiac regulation include:
    1. adrenal medullary hormones
    2. sympathetic nervous system
    3. parasympathetic nervous system
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart are primarily mediated by :
    1. alpha adrenergic receptors
    2. beta adrenergic receptors
    3. nicotinic receptors
    4. muscarinic receptors
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following characterizes left heart failure?
    1. pulmonary congestion
    2. systemic congestion
    3. pulmonary edema
    4. 1 and 3
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Arteries that deliver blood to specific organs, have a very thick tunica media and are innervated are:
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. metarterioles
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Important sites of pericellular transport across continuous capillary walls would be:
    1. intercellular clefts
    2. gap junctions
    3. fenestrations
    4. sinusoids
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. In addition to the intrinsic mechanisms regulating the heart, extrinsic factors including the nervous system, hormonal effects and plasma ion concentrations are important. Which of the following can directly impact cardiac function?
    1. hypocalcemia
    2. hypernatremia
    3. hyperkalemia
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. For which of the following parameters are skeletal and cardiac muscle most similar?
    1. arrangement and interaction of cells
    2. arrangement of T-tubule systems
    3. stimulation of contraction
    4. sarcomere arrangement
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The so-called "lub-dub" sounds of the heart actually reflect:
    1. AV valve closure followed by semilunar valve closure
    2. semilunar valve closure followed by AV valve closure
    3. AV valve opening followed by semilunar valve closure
    4. semilunar valve opening followed by AV valve closure
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. A sudden decrease in venous return would result in:
    1. increased cardiac output
    2. decreased cardiac output
    3. no change in cardiac output
    4. an increase in stroke volume
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Although the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect common sites within the heart, a site of regulation unique to the sympathetic system is:
    1. SA node
    2. AV node
    3. myocardium
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [70]

80-89

  1. Which of the following is the most important determinant of peripheral vascular resistance?
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. metarterioles
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following factors contribute to vascular resistance?
    1. blood vessel diameter
    2. blood vessel length
    3. blood viscosity
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The most important factor in determining blood flow to a given tissue or organ is:
    1. arterial pressure
    2. vascular resistance
    3. the pressure difference across the tissue or organ
    4. venous pressure
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. At the peak of systole, where is the pressure the highest?
    1. left ventricle
    2. aorta
    3. left atrium
    4. pulmonary artery
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Use simple sketches to explain how the process of depolarization differs among skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and cardiac autorhythmic fibers in terms of Na, K and Ca ion movements. [top]

 

  1. List the principal components of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart, sketch and label a typical ECG tracing and explain the relationship between the two. [top]

 

  1. Sketch and label three successive heart beats including arterial pressure, ventricular pressure, dicrotic wave and atrial pressure. [top]

 

  1. Explain why sympathetic innervation is such an effective system for increasing cardiac output in times of acute stress. [top]

 

  1. Stretch receptors in the aortic arch that are sensitive to changes in vascular pressure are termed:
    1. pressoreceptor
    2. chemoreceptors
    3. baroreceptors
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The most important determinant(s) of "short-term" regulation of blood pressure is/are:
    1. cardiac output
    2. blood volume
    3. peripheral resistance
    4. 1 and 3
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [80]

90-99

  1. Which of the following chemical mediators does not serve to increase arterial blood pressure?
    1. epinephrine
    2. antidiuretic hormone
    3. angiotensin II
    4. nitric oxide
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Which portion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system serves to indirectly mediate long-term regulation of blood pressure?
    1. renin
    2. angiotensinogen
    3. angiotensin II
    4. aldosterone
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. A large and rapid loss of blood volume could lead to:
    1. cardiogenic shock
    2. hypovolemic shock
    3. vascular shock
    4. septic shock
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. If the total cross-sectional area of a vascular bed increases, such as across a capillary bed, then blood flow velocity would:
    1. increase
    2. decrease
    3. stay the same
    4. decrease and then increase
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Factors involved in the local control or "autoregulation" of blood flow could include which of the following:
    1. metabolic factors such as glucose and O2
    2. myogenic or stretch related factors
    3. new blood vessel addition
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. The dominant force at the arterial end of a capillary that serves to drive fluid out of the vessel is the:
    1. atmospheric pressure
    2. osmotic pressure
    3. hydrostatic pressure
    4. oncotic pressure
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. In terms of overall blood pressure regulation, explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be important to both short-term regulation of blood pressure, renal blood flow and GFR, and also renal mechanisms for sodium regulation and long-term regulation of blood pressure. [top]

 

BATCH 961

[100-109] [110-119] [120-129] [130-139] [140-149] [150-159]

Match the following:

  1. Which ion channel type is responsible for the plateau seen in a contractile cell action potential?
  2. Which ion channel is required for action potential propagation down pacemaker cells?
  3. Which ion channel is required for the onset of depolarization in the pacemaker cell?
  4. Opening of which channel is important in the repolarization process in both pacemaker and contractile cells?
  5. Ion channel type that is required for action potential propagation down the contractile cell -
  6. Blocking of this channel type would directly effect the ability of the heart’s contractile cells to contract -
  1. voltage- sensitive sodium channel
  2. voltage-sensitive potassium channel
  3. fast voltage-sensitive calcium channels
  4. slow voltage-sensitive calcium channel
  5. spontaneously activated sodium channel

[top] [50] [90]
  1. Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
    1. The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
    2. The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.
    3. Semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart.
    4. The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that they do not blow back up into the atria during ventricular contraction. [top]
  1. How does the electrical activity of the pacemaker cell stimulate the contractile cells of the heart to depolarize?
    1. the pacemaker cells release neurotransmitter onto the contractile cells causing them to depolarize.
    2. the pacemaker cell does not stimulate the contractile cells.
    3. the electrical activity (depolarization) is spread to the contractile cells through gap junctions.
    4. both a and d are correct.
    5. none are correct [top]
  1. What is the order of conduction through the heart?

1. AV node 2. bundle of His 3. Purkinje fibers 4. SA node

  1. 1,2,3,4
  2. 4,2,3,1
  3. 4,3,2,1
  4. 1,,4,3,2
  5. 1,4,2,3 [top]
  1. Heart rate times the stroke volume equals:
    1. cardiac output.
    2. the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in a given amount of time.
    3. milliliters of blood per minute pumped into the aorta.
    4. milliliters of blood per minute pumped into the pulmonary arteries.
    5. all of the above. [top]
  1. During the cardiac cycle, when would you find both the semilunar valves and the AV valves closed?
    1. period of ventricular filling
    2. period of ventricular systole
    3. period of isovolumetric relaxation
    4. both a and b are correct
    5. both b and c are correct [top]

  1. During the cardiac cycle, when does the atria go into systole?

  1. period of ventricular filling

  2. period of ventricular systole

  3. period of isovolumetric relaxation

  4. both a and b are correct

  5. both b and c are correct [top]

  1. During the cardiac cycle, when is the second heart sound heard?
    1. period of ventricular filling
    2. period of ventricular systole
    3. period of isovolumetric relaxation
    4. both a and b are correct
    5. both b and c are correct [top] [50] [100]

110-119

  1. During the cardiac cycle, when is blood ejected from the ventricles?
    1. period of ventricular filling
    2. period of ventricular systole
    3. period of isovolumetric relaxation
    4. both a and b are correct
    5. both b and c are correct [top]
  1. During the cardiac cycle, opening of the AV valves marks the start of which period?
    1. period of ventricular filling
    2. period of ventricular systole
    3. period of isovolumetric relaxation
    4. both a and b are correct
    5. both b and c are correct [top]
  1. During the cardiac cycle, the P wave of the ECG occurs in which period?
    1. period of ventricular filling
    2. period of ventricular systole
    3. period of isovolumetric relaxation
    4. both a and b are correct
    5. both b and c are correct [top]
  1. End diastolic volume minus end systolic volume equals:
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. During strenuous exercise the heart beats very fast. Which of the following would you expect to drop?
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. When there is an increase in the amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction, there will be a more forceful contraction due to maximal interaction between myosin and actin. This more forceful contraction is due to an increase in the:
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. Release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, when the sympathetic nervous system has been activated, will increase cardiac output due to increased calcium available to activate myosin cross-bridges with actin. This increase in cardiac output is due to an increase in the…..
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. Which of the following is a reflection of the blood pressure in the aorta?
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. Positive inotropic agents increase
    1. contractility
    2. stroke volume
    3. afterload
    4. preload [top]
  1. Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?
    1. Increased venous return increases stroke volume due to an increased end diastolic volume.
    2. Increased venous return increases stroke volume due to an increased end systolic volume.
    3. Increased venous return increases stroke volume due to increased strength of contraction of the ventricle as a result of increased stretch on the heat muscle.
    4. A & C
    5. B & C [top] [50] [100] [110]

120-129

  1. Which of the following is the source of most of the peripheral resistance?
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. capillaries [top]
  1. Which of the following has a thick layer of smooth muscle but is not innervated with vasomotor fibers?
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. capillaries [top]
  1. Capillary type in which the endothelial cells are discontinuous -
    1. continuous capillaries
    2. fenestrated capillaries
    3. sinusoidal capillaries
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following is true to the modified type of continuous capillary found in the brain?
    1. they have larger then normal fenestrations
    2. they have smaller then normal fenestrations
    3. they contain sinus
    4. they have no intercellular clefts
    5. they have no pinocytotic vesicles [top]
  1. Which of the following will increase the flow of blood into the capillaries?
    1. rising levels of metabolic wastes like CO2
    2. vasodilatation of arteriole leading to the capillary
    3. constriction of precapillary sphincter
    4. both a and b
    5. all are correct [top]
  1. Which of the following are also called capacitance vessels?
    1. muscular arteries
    2. arterioles
    3. capillaries
    4. veins
    5. lymphatic vessels [top]

Match the following:

  1. contains the cells that release nitric oxide
  2. in arteries it is mainly constructed of connective tissue particularly collagen fiber
  3. is the layer that is most responsible for controlling perfusion and blood pressure
  4. is the layer that is in contact with the blood
  5. is mainly constructed of smooth muscle
  6. is the layer that the vasomotor nerve terminate at
  7. is the layer that contains the internal elastic membrane
  1. tunica adventitia (externa)
  2. tunica intima (interna)
  3. tunica media

[top] [50] [100] [120]
  1. Which of the following is modified moment to moment to regulate blood pressure?
    1. vessel length
    2. blood viscosity
    3. blood vessel diameter
    4. a and b
    5. all are correct [top]
  1. You have moved to the high Andean mountains to study high altitude physiology. After a months you notice that you have higher blood pressure then before. The best explanation for this change in blood pressure is you have had an increased in……..
    1. vessel length
    2. blood viscosity
    3. blood vessel diameter
    4. a and b
    5. all are correct [top]
  1. Blood flow is slowest in the...
    1. elastic arteries
    2. veins
    3. capillaries
    4. arterioles [top]
  1. Which of the following could lead to edema formation?
    1. increased blood pressure
    2. liver damage
    3. over production of antidiuretic hormone
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all are correct [top]

Match the following:

  1. aldosterone
  2. atrial natriuretic factor
  3. antidiuretic hormone
  4. angiotensin II
  5. endothelin
  6. nitric oxide
  1. short-term increase in blood pressure
  2. short-term decrease in blood pressure
  3. both long-term and short-term increase in blood pressure
  4. both long-term and short-term decrease in blood pressure

[top] [50] [100] [130]
  1. The pressure created by the presence of large molecules like proteins trapped inside the capillary is..
    1. osmotic pressure
    2. hydrostatic pressure
    3. blood pressure
    4. filtration pressure [top]

Match the following:

  1. increase the heart rate
  2. reduce the venous return
  3. high levels of aldosterone
  4. norepinephrine
  5. increased preload
  6. decrease the intracellular level of calcium in the cardiac muscle
  7. increased blood pressure in the aorta
  8. long-term blockage of antidiuretic hormone release into the blood
  9. high level of parasympathetic activity
  10. reduced end diastolic volume
  11. decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone in the blood
  12. alcohol in the blood
  1. increase cardiac output
  2. decrease cardiac output
  3. no effect on cardiac output

[top] [50] [100] [140]
  1. Following a major hemorrhage, which of the following would rise?
    1. epinephrine, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and total peripheral resistance
    2. atrial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and total peripheral resistance
    3. epinephrine, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide
    4. epinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone [top]

BATCH 962

[160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-199]

  1. Which of the following statements is correct about the pathways of blood through the heart?
    1. The pulmonary circuit is a high pressure, low volume pathway.
    2. The volume of blood pumped by the systemic circuit is approximately five times that of the pulmonary circuit for any given time period.
    3. The walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than the walls of the right ventricle.
    4. Oxygen-poor blood returns to the left side of the heart.
    5. both a and b are correct [top]

Match the following:

  1. contains the cells that release nitric oxide
  2. usually contains vasa vasorum
  3. is mainly constructed of connective tissue particularly collagen fiber
  4. is the layer that is most responsible for controlling perfusion and blood pressure
  5. is the layer that is in contact with the blood
  6. is mainly constructed of smooth muscle
  1. tunica muscularis
  2. tunica adventitia
  3. tunica intima
  4. tunica media

[top] [50] [100] [150]
  1. Which of the following is most important in controlling perfusion and blood pressure?
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. capillaries [top]
  1. Which of the following has a thick layer of smooth muscle but is not inervated with vasomotor fibers?
    1. elastic arteries
    2. muscular arteries
    3. arterioles
    4. capillaries [top]
  1. Capillary type that is involved in filtration as in the kidney -
    1. continuous capillaries
    2. fenestrated capillaries
    3. sinusoidal capillaries
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Capillary type that is made of cells which contain pores -
    1. continuous capillaries
    2. fenestrated capillaries
    3. sinusoidal capillaries
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Capillary type that contains intercellular clefts and pinocytotic vesicles -
    1. continuous capillaries
    2. fenestrated capillaries
    3. sinusoidal capillaries
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following is modified moment-to-moment to regulate blood pressure?
    1. vessel length
    2. blood viscosity
    3. blood vessel diameter
    4. a and b
    5. all are correct [top] [50] [100] [150] [160]

170-179

  1. If the radius of a blood vessel is reduced in half, what is the effect on resistance?
    1. resistance increases 8 times
    2. resistance is 1/8 as much
    3. resistance is twice as high
    4. resistance is 16 times as high [top]
  1. Why dose the blood pressure drop steepest in the arterioles?
    1. they are farthest from the heart
    2. these vessels have no elastic tissue
    3. this is the site of highest resistance
    4. these vessels have more elastic tissue they the others [top]
  1. Which of the following could lead to edema formation?
    1. increased blood pressure
    2. reduction of osmoticly active particles in the blood stream
    3. increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
    4. a and b are correct
    5. all are correct [top]
  1. Blood pressure is equal to:
    1. stoke volume times peripheral resistance
    2. contractility times venous return
    3. peripheral resistance times cardiac output
    4. cardiac output times heart rate
    5. all are correct [top]
  1. What is the effect of increased stretch on the baroreceptors?
    1. nerve impulses travel to the cardiac center and increases heart rate
    2. nerve impulses travel to the vasomotor center activating vasoconstriction of the arteries
    3. nerve impulses travel to the cardiac center increasing contractility
    4. all are correct
    5. none are correct [top]

Match the following:

  1. adrenal medulla hormones
  2. atrial natriuretic factor
  3. antidiuretic hormone
  4. angiotensin II
  5. endothelin
  6. nitric oxide
  1. short-term increase in blood pressure
  2. short-term decrease in blood pressure
  3. both long-term and short-term increase in blood pressure
  4. both long-term and short-term decrease in blood pressure

[top] [50] [100] [150] [170]
  1. Myogenic control of blood flow to an organ deals with...
    1. smooth muscle cells of the arterioles responding to stretch
    2. smooth muscle cells of the arterioles responding to neural inputs
    3. smooth muscle cells of the arterioles responding to build up of waste [top]
  1. The pressure created by the presence of large molecules like proteins trapped inside the capillary is..
    1. osmotic pressure
    2. hydrostatic pressure
    3. blood pressure
    4. filtration pressure [top]

Match the following:

  1. end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume
  2. a function of venous return
  3. an increase in the force generated due to maximal myosin cross-bridges with actin
  4. an increase in the force generated due to increased calcium available to activate myosin cross-bridges with actin
  5. a function of blood pressure in the aorta
  1. contractility
  2. stroke volume
  3. afterload
  4. preload

[top]
  1. Which will increase the heart rate?
    1. increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
    2. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system [top]
  1. Which will increase the resistance of arteries of the gastrointestinal tract?
    1. increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
    2. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system [top] [50] [100] [150] [180]

190-199

  1. Which will increase stroke volume?
    1. increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
    2. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system [top]
  1. Which will decrease the resistance of arteries of the skeletal muscle?
    1. increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
    2. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system [top]
  1. What effect does the elastic arteries have on blood flow and blood pressure? [top]

 

  1. Explain how renin released from the kidney regulates blood pressure. Why does such an intricate pathway for electrical conduction through the heart exist? [top]

BATCH 941

[200-209] [210-219] [220-229] [230]

  1. The best description of the forces behind fluid exchange at the capillaries is as follows.
    1. At the arterial end of a capillary, capillary pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure causing a net loss of fluid from the capillary. At the venous end of a capillary, capillary pressure decreases to less than colloidal osmotic pressure causing a net gain of fluid into the capillary.
    2. Colloidal osmotic pressure is constant across the capillary and always higher than capillary pressure causing fluid to be lost as blood passes through the capillary.
    3. Colloidal osmotic pressure is constant across the capillary and always higher than capillary pressure causing fluid to be gained as blood passes through the capillary.
    4. Colloidal osmotic pressure is constant across the capillary and always lower than capillary pressure causing fluid to be lost as blood passes through the capillary.
    5. Colloidal osmotic pressure is constant across the capillary and always higher than capillary pressure causing fluid to be gained as blood passes through the capillary. Fluid is lost from the arterioles before blood enters the capillaries due to resistance created by constriction of the precapillary sphincters. [top]
  1. Which of the following structures is the pacemaker in a normal heart?
    1. atrioventricular bundle
    2. the left bundle branch
    3. sinoatrial node
    4. atrioventricular node
    5. Purkinje fibers [top]
  1. Identify the mechanism or mechanism(s) which aid(s) in increasing venous flow of blood and lymphatic system flow of lymph.
    1. skeletal muscle pumping
    2. respiratory pumping
    3. one-way valves
    4. a and c
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Which of the following channels is/are directly involved in the generation of a cardiac muscle cell action potential?
    1. voltage-gated Na channels & voltage-gated K channels
    2. voltage-gated Ca channels
    3. voltage-gated Cl channels
    4. a & b
    5. a, b & c [top]

For each of the following changes in heart function, tell if it is due to the effects of:

a. epinephrine b. acetylcholine c. neither

  1. increased heart rate
  2. decreased heart rate [top] [50] [100] [150] [190]
  3. increased force of contraction
  1. Identify the mechanism or mechanisms which aid in maintaining and increasing venous flow of blood.
    1. skeletal muscle pumping
    2. respiratory pumping
    3. one-way valves
    4. a and c
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. Which part of the circulatory system contains the largest total blood volume under normal conditions?
    1. the capillaries
    2. the large & medium sized arteries, arterioles and aorta
    3. the large & medium sized veins, vein networks and venules
    4. the pulmonary circuit
    5. the heart [top]

Match the timing of the following events from the cardiac cycle.

  1. the smallest ventricular volume
  2. the lowest aortic pressure
  3. the closing of the atrioventricular valves
  4. the closing of the semilunar valves
  5. the beginning of atrial systole
  1. the P wave of the ECG
  2. the QRS complex of the ECG
  3. the T wave of the ECG
  4. the 1st heart sound (lub)
  5. the 2nd heart sound (dub) [top]
  1. Which of the following terms indicates a faster than normal heartbeat?
    1. cardioaccelerator
    2. bradycardia
    3. electrocardia
    4. tachycardia
    5. cardiokinetic [top]

Identify each of the following as a property of a, b, c, d, or e:

(NOTE: only use d and e when the property in question would apply exclusively to the aorta or vena cavae; only one answer per blank)

  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
  4. aorta
  5. vena cavae
  1. very muscular vessel walls [50] [100] [150] [200]
  2. one-way valves
  3. slowest flow of blood
  4. least resistance to flow of blood
  5. the lowest pressure in the circulatory system occurs in this type vessel
  6. vessel walls are only one cell layer thick
  7. the biggest difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure in system occurs in this type vessel [top]
  1. Identify the mechanism or mechanisms which aid in increasing venous flow of blood and venous blood pressure.
    1. skeletal muscle pumping
    2. respiratory pumping
    3. one-way valves
    4. a and c
    5. all of the above [top]
  1. The net filtration pressure which drives capillary fluid exchange is a best described by which of the following ? [NOTE: a positive sign for net filtration pressure would push fluid out of capillary; a negative sign for net filtration pressure would pull fluid into capillary. Remember that colloidal osmotic pressure is generated by the difference in the osmolality of the blood compared to the osmolality of the ECF.]
    1. (capillary pressure + hydrostatic pressure of ECF) + colloidal osmotic pressure
    2. (capillary pressure - hydrostatic pressure of ECF) + colloidal osmotic pressure
    3. (capillary pressure - hydrostatic pressure of ECF) - colloidal osmotic pressure
    4. ((capillary pressure - hydrostatic pressure of ECF) - colloidal osmotic pressure) - venous pressure
    5. There is no capillary fluid exchange; only oxygen and carbon dioxide have to cross the capillary wall. [top]
  1. What is largely responsible for the generation of colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood?
    1. antibodies
    2. electrolytes
    3. hormones
    4. large globular proteins
    5. colloidal gold [top]
  1. Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system always reduces blood flow to the:
    1. brain
    2. kidney
    3. skin
    4. because it decreases systemic blood pressure, epinephrine always decreases blood flow to all organs of the body.
    5. because it increases systemic blood pressure, epinephrine always increases blood flow to all organs of the body. [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [210]

220-229

  1. Baroreceptors are located:
    1. in the carotid sinuses (artery).
    2. in the renal artery.
    3. in the femoral artery.
    4. in the thoracic (descending) aorta.
    5. in the inferior vena cava just before it passes through the diaphragm. [top]
  1. Acetylcholine affects the pacemaker cells of the heart via:
    1. opening of a Cl- channel
    2. opening of a Na+ channel
    3. opening of a Ca++ channel
    4. opening of a K+ channel
    5. the neuromuscular junction [top]
  1. Which of the following channels does not participate in the production of a pacemaker potential in cells of the SA or AV node of the heart?
    1. voltage-gated Na+ channel
    2. voltage-gated Ca++ channel
    3. voltage-gated K+ channel
    4. all of the above participate in the production of a pacemaker potential.
    5. none of the above channels participate in the production of a pacemaker potential. [top]
  1. Which of the following best describes the function of the papillary muscles? (Inverted means to be turned inside out, i.e. blown backwards.)
    1. to contract slightly before the ventricles contract and prevent the semilunar valves from being inverted.
    2. to contract slightly after the ventricles contract and prevent the semilunar valves from being inverted.
    3. to contract slightly before the ventricles contract and prevent the atrioventricular valves from being inverted.
    4. to contract slightly after the ventricles contract and prevent the atrioventricular valves from being inverted.
    5. to hold a pacifier in place while the heart beats. [top]
  1. The function of atrial natriuretic peptide is
    1. to cause vasoconstriction and stimulate release of mineralocorticoids.
    2. to increase water and salt reabsorption (retention in body) thereby increasing blood volume.
    3. to decrease water and salt reabsorption (retention in body) thereby decreasing blood volume.
    4. to increase Na+ reabsorption (retention in body) thereby increasing blood volume.
    5. to increase water reabsorption (retention in body) thereby increasing blood volume. [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [230]
  1. The Frank-Starling mechanism is:
    1. an increase in the end-diastolic volume caused by a decreased venous return which will not affect ventricular function.
    2. an increase in the end-diastolic volume caused by an increased venous return which will not affect ventricular function.
    3. an increase in the end-diastolic volume and increase in the end-systolic volume caused by an increased venous return which will not affect ventricular function.
    4. an increase in the end-diastolic volume and decrease in the end-systolic volume caused by an increased venous return which will not affect ventricular function.
    5. an increase in the end-diastolic volume and decrease in the end-systolic volume caused by an increased venous return which will cause the ventricle to contract with greater force due to the length tension relationship and elastic recoil. [top]
  1. Which of the following is true of venous circulation?
    1. low pressure
    2. increasing velocity as blood gets closer to the heart
    3. decreasing pressure as blood gets closer to the heart
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]
  1. Thoroughly explain the Frank-Starling Law of the heart (increased venous return increases cardiac output). [top]

 

  1. 1. a. Diagram or describe the final common pathway for clotting. b. Name the two ways to initiate clotting and briefly describe these two mechanisms/pathways. [top]

 

  1. Schematically diagram the heart and the major vessels leading in and out of the heart. Describe in words the flow of blood through the heart. Place an asterisk by the artery or arteries and vein(s) leading to and from the systemic blood circuit. [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [220]

230-

  1. Describe in grueling, gut-spilling detail how the tricuspid valve works during the full cycle of a heart beat. Include the following in your answer:

where the valve is in the heart and all anatomical structures associated with the valve that are important to its normal function;

what happens to the valve

during atrial contraction,

during ventricular contraction and

during relaxation of the heart. [top]