ZOOL. 252 EXAM QUESTIONS - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (set 2)

NOTE - Endocrine system questions are typically included in questions over other organ systems too.

[130-139] [140-149] [150-159] [160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-199] [200-209] [210-219] [220-229] [230-239] [240-249] [250-259] [260-269] [270-279]

[BATCH 962]

[BATCH 941]

[Endocrine System (set 1)]

[Exam Questions - Information Page]

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BATCH 962

[130-139] [140-149] [150-159] [160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-191]

130-139

130. Which of the following is a requirement before a chemical is classified as a hormone?
     1. binds to a receptor with low affinity
     2. released into the blood stream
     3. is produced only by purely endocrine tissue
     4. must be constructed from amino acids
     5. c and d are both correct [top]

131. Which of the following endocrine organs is called a neuroendocrine organ?
     1. thyroid
     2. adrenal cortex
     3. hypothalamus
     4. gonads [top]

132. What is another name for local hormones?
     1. arachidonic acid
     2. thyroxines
     3. amines
     4. paracrines [top]

133. Which of the following can be starting material for the production of hormones?
     1. amino acids
     2. cholesterol
     3. fatty acids
     4. a and b
     5. all of the above [top]

Match the following.

147. Virtually all types of nonsteroid hormones (except thyroid hormones) exert their effects through intracellular:
     1. ions.
     2. second messengers.
     3. nucleotides.
     4. deactivates. [top]

148. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroid hormones on cells?
     1. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone.
     2. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP.
     3. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA.
     4. G-protein second messenger systems. [top]

149. Growth hormone:
     1. is also called somatostatin.
     2. promotes bone growth during the formative years.
     3. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass.
     4. is regulated by humoral mechanisms. [top] [140]

150-159

150. ACTH:
     1. is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
     2. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion.
     3. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla.
     4. directly stimulates water retention. [top]

Match the following.

159. Which of the following is a change that may be caused by a hormonal stimulus?
     1. a change in the membrane potential
     2. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
     3. an increase in enzymatic activity
     4. a and c are both correct
     5. all of the above [top] [150]

160-169

160. The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on:
     1. the location of the tissues or organ with respect to the circulatory path.
     2. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.
     3. the presence of the appropriate receptors on/in the cells of the target tissue or organ.
     4. all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific.
     5. a and b are both correct. [top]

161. Insulin is released:
     1. in excessive amounts in obese people.
     2. in response to severe stress.
     3. when the body's glucose level rises.
     4. when the body's glucose level drops.
     5. both a and b are correct [top]

162. Insulin is released from the:
     1. alpha cells of the pancreas
     2. beta cells of the pancreas
     3. delta cells of the pancreas
     4. gamma cells of the pancreas [top]

163. One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Examples include increased blood levels of calcium, glucose and potassium. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
     1. humoral stimulation
     2. neural stimulation
     3. protein synthesis
     4. hormonal stimulation [top]

164. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to:
     1. testosterone.
     2. estrogen.
     3. cortisol.
     4. epinephrine. [top]

165. Individuals with type II diabetes:
     1. have an absolute requirement for insulin injections.
     2. are insulin resistant.
     3. may often control their disease by diet and exercise.
     4. both b and c are correct.
     5. both a, b and c are correct [top]

166. Which of the following endocrine glands requires iodide to be able to produce its hormone?
     1. thyroid gland
     2. pituitary gland
     3. adrenal gland
     4. pancreas [top]

168. The most important regulator of electrolyte (ion) concentrations in the blood:
     1. insulin.
     2. aldosterone.
     3. glucagon.
     4. cortisol. [top]

169. Select the correct statement about hormonal structure or function.
     1. prostaglandins are biologically active peptides.
     2. modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the
     3. peptone hormones.
     4. an amino acid derivative can be a hormone.
     5. an example of a local hormone is testosterone. [top] [150] [160]

170-179

170. The practice of smelling a comatose person's breath is to detect what chemical that indicates a diabetic coma?
     1. amino acids
     2. ketone bodies
     3. leukotrienes
     4. steroid hormones [top]

171. Sometimes prolonged, excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as:
     1. down regulation.
     2. cellular inhibition.
     3. diabetes mellitus.
     4. metabolism of protein kinases. [top]

172. In order for a hormone to exert its influence on a target organ, which of the following must happen?
     1. specific binding of hormone to receptor.
     2. adequate blood levels of the hormone.
     3. affinity of the hormone for the receptor.
     4. all of these are important. [top]

173. Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because:
     1. G protein acts as the link between first and second messenger.
     2. hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly.
     3. peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers.
     4. the hormone-receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit. [top]

174. ANF is a peptide hormone that targets the kidney by inhibiting sodium ion resorption and renin release. Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANF?
     1. the atria of the heart
     2. the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
     3. the skin
     4. the spleen [top]

175. An abnormally low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause:
     1. decreased testosterone secretion.
     2. excessive beard growth.
     3. increased spermatogenesis.
     4. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland. [top]

176. Draw a diagram of the cAMP second messenger system and tell what role each part plays. [top]

177. Explain the underlying reasons for the three P of diabetes, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. [top]

178. What are the three zones on the adrenal cortex and what hormones do they produce. include a short description of the function of these hormones. [top]

179. Which of the following produces and releases estrogen and progesterone?

1. fimbriae
2. uterus
3. corpus albicans
4. ovaries
5. a and c [top][top] [150] [170]

180-190

180. Each month, the time when a female is first fertile is when...
     1. progesterone levels peak
     2. estrogen levels are at there lowers level
     3. progesterone levels being to fall
     4. when luteinizing hormone levels are highest

181. Normally, menstruation occurs when:
     1. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease.
     2. blood levels of FSH fall off.
     3. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase.
     4. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen. [top]

182. Which of the following occurs after ovulation?
     1. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.
     2. the endometrium enters its secretory phase.
     3. the secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins (LH and FSH) is inhibited.
     4. all of the above are correct. [top]

183. All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except:
     1. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium.
     2. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle.
     3. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.
     4. a fall in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation [top]

184. Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
     1. maximal LH secretion and menstruation
     2. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation
     3. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus
     4. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
     5. none occur simultaneously [top]

185. Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
     1. rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.
     2. the follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation.
     3. high estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
     4. an estrogen surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte. [top]

Match the following.

BATCH 941

[191-199] [200-209] [210-219] [220-229] [230-239] [240-249] [250-259] [260-269] [270-279]

192. Which of the following hormones is responsible for most of the deleterious effects associated with the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome in response to prolonged bouts of stress?
     1. insulin
     2. glucagon
     3. glucocorticoids
     4. epinephrine
     5. growth hormone [top]

193. Which of the following is required for normal endocrine system function?
     1. The hormone must be secreted by its endocrine gland in response to the appropriate humoral, hormonal or neural signals.
     2. The hormone must be carried in the blood in solution or bound to a protein.
     3. The hormone must bind its specific receptor within the target organ.
     4. The formation of the hormone-receptor complex must lead to a change in the activity of the cell in the target organ.
     5. All of the above are required for normal endocrine system function. [top]

194. Which of the following are released by the adrenal cortex in response to stimulation by ACTH?
     1. progestin and glucocorticoid
     2. aldosterone and dihydrotestosterone
     3. mineralocorticoid and androstenedione
     4. aldosterone and glucocorticoid
     5. all of the above are correct answers. [top]

195. The absence of which of the following hormones leads rapidly to a horrible death due to tetanic convulsions?
     1. parathyroid hormone
     2. calcitonin
     3. antidiuretic hormone
     4. aldosterone
     5. absence of any of the above hormones can lead to a rapid death. [top]

196. Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus
     1. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary.
     2. enter the hepatic portal system which feeds the pituitary.
     3. enter the hypophyseal portal system which feeds the posterior pituitary.
     4. are released into capillaries at the median eminence before traveling directly to capillaries in the adenohypophysis via portal veins.
     5. none of the above are correct answers. [top]

197. The ability of a specific tissue or cell to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
     1. the location of the tissues or cell with respect to the circulatory path.
     2. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.
     3. the presence of the appropriate receptors on/in the cells of the target tissue.
     4. All hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific.
     5. None of the above are correct answers. [top]

198. Negative feedback regulation leads to profiles of hormone levels over time that
     1. a steadily increasing pattern that eventually crashes.
     2. a steadily decreasing pattern that eventually hits zero.
     3. an oscillating pattern.
     4. a & b
     5. a profile of Elvis. [top]

Match the synonyms (different words/phrases with the same/similar meaning):

209. Cortisol feeds back negatively on the:
     1. hypothalamus only.
     2. pituitary only.
     3. hypothalamus and pituitary.
     4. neither, cortisol shows positive feedback.
     5. the adrenal cortex. [top][150] [200]

210-219

210. Which of the following statements apply to a water-soluble hormone?

I. The receptor is in the cell membrane. II. The receptor is in the cell cytoplasm/nucleus.

III. The hormone-receptor complex activates a second messenger system. IV. The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and alters transcription.

1. II only.
2. I and III.
3. I and IV.
4. II and III.
5. II and IV. [top]

211. Which of the following is required for normal endocrine system function?
     1. The hormone must be secreted by its endocrine gland in response to the appropriate humoral, hormonal or neural signals.
     2. The hormone must be carried in the blood in solution or bound to a protein.
     3. The hormone must bind its specific receptor within the target organ.
     4. The formation of the hormone-receptor complex must lead to a change in the activity of the cell in the target organ
     5. All of the above are required for normal endocrine system function. [top]

212. Calcitonin helps to __________________ blood calcium levels through its effects on _______________________.
     1. raise -- kidney
     2. lower -- kidney
     3. raise -- bone
     4. lower -- bone
     5. calcitonin does not affect blood calcium levels. It only alters how much calcium is in your teeth. [top]

Match the synonyms (different words/phrases with the same/similar meaning):

Match the following hormone to its target.

Match the following hormone to its hypothalamic regulatory hormone.

Match the following hormone to its function.

Match the following hormone to its function.

Match the following hormone to its source.

243. Cortisol feeds back negatively on the
     1. hypothalamus only.
     2. pituitary only.
     3. hypothalamus and pituitary.
     4. neither, cortisol shows positive feedback.
     5. the adrenal cortex. [top]

244. Which of the following are targets for oxytocin?
     1. the uterus and mammary glands
     2. the uterus, mammary glands and kidneys
     3. the cervix and mammary glands
     4. the cervix, mammary glands and kidneys
     5. Each of the above contains at least one organ which is not a target of oxytocin. [top]

245. Which of the following does not affect hormone-receptor binding?
     1. the concentration of the hormone in the blood
     2. the affinity of the receptor
     3. the number of receptors per cell
     4. the number of cells which express the receptor
     5. All of the above affect hormone-receptor binding. [top]

246. The ability of a specific tissue or cell to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
     1. the location of the tissues or cell with respect to the circulatory path.
     2. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.
     3. the presence of the appropriate receptors on/in the cells of the target tissue.
     4. All hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific.
     5. None of the above are correct answers. [top]

247. The 3 ways that one can stimulate release of a hormone from an endocrine gland are
     1. The only way to stimulate release of a hormone is via direct nervous stimulation of the endocrine gland.
     2. The only way to stimulate release of a hormone is via stimulation by another hormone.
     3. direct innervation of the endocrine tissue, another hormone, and an efflux of Ca from the cell
     4. direct innervation of the endocrine tissue, another hormone, and molecules which detect humoral signals in circulation
     5. There are only two ways to elicit release of a hormone, via neural or hormonal stimulation of the endocrine gland. [top]

248. Natural production of the active form of Vitamin D requires
     1. the production of a precursor molecule from cholesterol by the liver.
     2. transport of various precursors and active form through the blood stream by transcalciferin.
     3. photoisomerization & heat isomerization of a precursor molecule during UV light exposure in the skin.
     4. an enzymatic reaction in the liver followed by an enzymatic reaction in the kidney yields active vitamin D₃ from its a precursor molecule.
     5. All of the above steps are part of the natural process of production of the active form of vitamin D. [top]

249. The two major control systems in the human body are
     1. the endocrine system and the cardiovascular system.
     2. the nervous system and the cardiovascular system.
     3. the nervous system and the skeleto-muscular system.
     4. the reproductive system and the nervous system.
     5. the nervous system and the endocrine system. [top] [150] [200] [240]

250-259

250. The characteristic that distinguishes a classical hormone from a neurotransmitter or paracrine type of chemical messenger is
     1. regulated release from its source.
     2. transported via the bloodstream.
     3. binds to a receptor on a target cell.
     4. activates a signal transduction pathway.
     5. None of the above. There is no difference between a classical hormone, neurotransmitter or any other type of chemical messenger. [top]

251. Which of the following organs does not produce and secrete a hormone?
     1. heart
     2. liver
     3. kidney
     4. spleen
     5. brain [top]

252. Homeostasis generally implies that physiological functions or blood levels of regulated substances
     1. are regulated via negative feedback loops which keep functions/blood levels between upper and lower tolerance limits.
     2. are regulated via positive feedback loops which keep functions/blood levels between upper and lower tolerance limits.
     3. are regulated via negative feedback loops which keep functions/blood levels greater than upper and lower than lower tolerance limits to maintain functional responses.
     4. are regulated via positive feedback loops which keep functions/blood levels greater than upper and lower than lower tolerance limits to maintain functional responses.
     5. are not regulated tightly since we live in a changing world and we are constantly subjected to wildly fluctuating circumstances on a daily basis. [top]

253. Positive feedback is defined as
     1. a constantly increasing pattern or loop.
     2. a constantly decreasing pattern or loop.
     3. a constantly increasing pattern or loop with a crash point.
     4. a constantly decreasing pattern or loop with a crash point.
     5. a feedback loop in which the sign remains the same across the entire loop. This may result in either a steadily increasing or decreasing pattern with a crash point. [top]

254. Ways in which the activity of a target cell might be altered via a signal transduction pathway include
     1. opening or closing an ion channel to alter the cell’s membrane potential.
     2. turning an enzyme "on or off" by phosphorylating the protein.
     3. activating a transcription regulatory factor to bind to DNA to turn particular genes "on or off" within the cell.
     4. a, b and c.
     5. none of the above. Signal transduction pathway refers to the summation of post-synaptic potentials at the hillock of an axon to initiate an action potential. [top]

255. The pituitary portal system refers to:
     1. a specialized system of blood vessels found in the median eminence and neurohypophysis which carries neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary to regulate release of pituitary hormones.
     2. a specialized system of blood vessels found in the median eminence and adenohypophysis which carries neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary to regulate release of pituitary hormones.
     3. molecules that carry secretory vessels down nerve fibers in the infundibulum for release from the neurohypophysis.
     4. molecules that carry secretory vessels down nerve fibers in the infundibulum for release from the adenohypophysis.
     5. a system of streams in Wisconsin with a lot of rapids that you have to portage canoes over. [top]

256. Hormones that are made in the hypothalamus, transported down axons to the pituitary and then released, are released from:
     1. the adenohypophysis.
     2. the pars distalis.
     3. the pars intermedia.
     4. the pars nervosa.
     5. the pineal. [top]

257. Melatonin is released from the pineal gland
     1. when it is night.
     2. when it is dark.
     3. when the biological clock located in the hypothalamus sends a signal to the pineal gland indicating nighttime.
     4. a & b
     5. b & c [top]

258. Which of the following hormones could be measured in general circulation?
     1. somatostatin
     2. somatocrinin
     3. gonadotropin releasing hormone
     4. adrenocorticotropic hormone
     5. dopamine [top]

259. Epinephrine is an example of which of the following chemical groups of hormones?
     1. catecholamines
     2. tryptophan derivatives
     3. peptides
     4. proteins
     5. cholesterol derivatives [top] [150] [200] [250]

260-269

260. Which of the following hormones is responsible for a daily rise in blood glucose just prior to the active part of the daily (circadian) cycle?
     1. insulin
     2. glucagon
     3. glucocorticoids
     4. growth hormone
     5. epinephrine [top]

Match the following hormones to their source.

Match the hormone to its target.

Match the hormone to its effect.

273. What is/are some of the causes and physiological (functional) problems due to diabetes mellitus type II (NIDDM)? Why is the disease more difficult to treat than diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM)? What is the hormonal consequence of a poor diet that might tend to accelerate the onset of diabetes mellitus type II? [top]

274. Why should the hypothalamus rather than the anterior pituitary be called the "master endocrine gland"? [top][150] [200] [250] [270]