ZOOL. 251 EXAM QUESTIONS - NERVOUS SYSTEM

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69] [70-79] [80-89] [90-99] [100-109] [110-119] [120-129] [130-139] [140-149] [150-159] [160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-199] [200-209] [210-219] [220-229] [230-239] [240-249] [250-]

[BATCH 981]

[BATCH 973]

[BATCH 941]

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BATCH 981

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69]

1-9

1. Which part of the neuron is responsible for protein synthesis?
   1. cell body (soma)
   2. dendrites
   3. axon hillock
   4. axon
   5. axon terminal [top]

2. The part of the peripheral nervous system which is active during relaxing periods and which acts to conserve energy is the:
   1. brain
   2. sensory division
   3. sympathetic division
   4. voluntary division
   5. parasympathetic division [top]

3. Axons terminate in a series a fine extensions known as
   1. telodendria
   2. dendrites
   3. collaterals
   4. hillocks
   5. horns [top]

4. All of the following are characteristics of mature neurons EXCEPT
   1. long-lived
   2. cannot divide
   3. high metabolic rate
   4. can transmit action potentials
   5. consume little energy [top]

5. The site of communication between neurons is the
   1. cell body (soma)
   2. nucleus
   3. collateral
   4. hillock
   5. synapse [top]

6. The normal resting potential of a neuron is -70 mV. If the concentration of K⁺ outside was increased slightly above normal, what would the new resting potential be?
   1. -75 mV
   2. -70 mV
   3. -65 mV [top]

7. Which neuroglia monitor the health of nearby neurons and can transform into macrophages that "eat" bacterial invaders?
   1. oligodendrocytes
   2. astrocytes
   3. ependymal cells
   4. microglia
   5. osteocytes [top]

8. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the gradual loss of
   1. myelin
   2. astrocytes
   3. neurons
   4. dendrites
   5. neurotransmitter [top]

9. The Na⁺-K⁺ pump
   1. works passively, i.e., does not require energy
   2. expels 3 sodium for every 2 potassium it moves inward
   3. is made of nucleic acids
   4. tends to eliminate concentration differences across the membrane
   5. becomes refractory during an action potential [top]

10-19

10. The voltage across a resting neuron’s membrane depends on all of the following EXCEPT
    1. the balance of electrical and chemical forces
    2. the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions
    3. the amount of negatively charged proteins inside the cell
    4. the number of voltage-gated calcium channels
    5. the concentration gradients of ions [top]

11. Myelin sheaths
    1. control the chemical environment around neurons
    2. greatly increase the speed of nerve impulses
    3. grab onto nearby neurons and hold them close to capillaries
    4. help produce, circulate, and monitor cerebrospinal fluid
    5. occur on all neurons [top]

12. In a resting neuron
    1. there’s more Na+ inside than outside
    2. there’s more negatively charged proteins just outside the neuron
    3. there’s more K+ outside than inside
    4. there’s more Na+ outside than inside
    5. the membrane potential is about +30 mV [top]

13. Why doesn’t the action potential move backwards along the axon?
    1. because there’s not enough sodium
    2. because voltage-gated calcium channels only occur along one end of the axon
    3. because the Na⁺-K⁺ pump becomes inactivated after the action potential passes
    4. because voltage-gated Na+ channels enter a refractory period
    5. because ATP blocks the movement of sodium backwards [top]

14. Receptors that bind neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane are
    1. mechanically-gated ion channels
    2. simple ion channels
    3. neurotransmitter channels
    4. voltage-gated channels
    5. chemically-gated channels [top]

15. The key to the propagation of the action potential is
    1. the high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels
    2. the high concentration of K+ inside the neuron
    3. the negatively charged proteins inside the neuron
    4. the high density of voltage-gated K+ channels
    5. the high density of simple K+ channels [top]

16. A brief depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane is
    1. a refractory period
    2. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
    3. an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
    4. threshold
    5. (a and b) [top]

17. The ion needed to stimulate the fusion of synaptic vesicles (containing neurotransmitter) with the presynaptic membrane, thereby spilling the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft , is:
    1. potassium
    2. chloride
    3. zinc
    4. magnesium
    5. calcium [top]

18. When a second excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) arrives at the same spot as the first, before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?
    1. spatial summation
    2. temporal summation
    3. inhibition of the impulse
    4. hyperpolarization
    5. decrease in speed of impulse transmission [top]

19. Place these steps involved in transmission at a typical chemical synapse into the proper sequence

1. neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles 2. neurotransmitter binds chemically gated ion channels

3. calcium ions enter the axon terminal 4. an action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane

5. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 6. voltage-gated calcium channels open

1. 6, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
2. 4, 6, 3, 1, 5, 2
3. 5, 1, 3, 6, 2, 4
4. 4, 6, 3, 2, 1, 5
5. 1, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5 [top] [10]

20-29

20. Bundles of similar axons in the spinal cord are called
    1. nerves
    2. tracts
    3. centers
    4. nuclei
    5. ganglia [top]

21. The _________________________ is a single, thin strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the conus medullaris all the way to the coccyx (tailbone).
    1. cauda equina
    2. dorsal root ganglion
    3. filum terminale
    4. lumbar enlargment
    5. ventral root [top]

22. The innermost of the meninges of the spinal cord is the
    1. dura mater
    2. epidural
    3. pia mater
    4. arachnoid
    5. serous membrane [top]

23. Each pair of spinal nerves services a particular region of the body called its
    1. dermatome
    2. ganglion
    3. fascicle
    4. ramus
    5. domain [top]

24. Mary is in a car accident and injures her spinal cord. She has lost feeling in her right hand and her doctor tells her that it is the result of swelling compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her spinal cord is likely to be compressed?
    1. anterior (ventral) gray horns
    2. central canal
    3. an ascending tract
    4. a descending tract
    5. vestibulospinal tract [top]

25. The diving reflex is an example of a
    1. somatic reflex
    2. visceral reflex
    3. acquired reflex [top]

26. An anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves. What area of the body will be affected?
    1. anterior upper shoulders
    2. posterior upper shoulders
    3. posterior calf
    4. anterior calf
    5. lateral calf [top]

27. The joining of the ventral rami of several spinal nerves is termed a(n)
    1. dermatome
    2. autonomic nerve
    3. nuclei
    4. tract
    5. plexus [top]

28. Explain how graded potentials and action potentials differ in terms of:

--how changes in membrane potential are affected by distance

--the influence of changing the initial strength of the stimulus

--where they occur along the neuron

--whether they result in a depolarization or a hyperpolarization? [top]

29. Describe the specific effects of the following types of damage on both sensory and motor (muscle) function:

(a) person breaks their neck in region of first cervical vertebrae (spinal cord is completely cut across

(b) a viral infection destroys the dorsal horn low in the spinal cord (i.e., in lumbar enlargement) [top] [20]

30-39

30. Which structure links the nervous system to the endocrine system by controlling the secretions of the pituitary gland?
    1. hypothalamus
    2. medulla oblongata
    3. cerebrum
    4. pons
    5. cerebellum [top]

31. Choose the correct sequence for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

1. central canal 2. lateral ventricles 3. 4th ventricle 4. 3rd ventricle

1. 3, 4, 2, 1
2. 4, 3, 2, 1
3. 1, 2, 4, 3
4. 2, 4, 3, 1
5. 2, 1, 3, 4 [top]

32. Hydrocephalus is caused by
    1. an abnormal hole in the cranium
    2. inadequate production of cerebrospinal fluid
    3. the flexible skull of babies
    4. a tumor that blocks drainage of cerebrospinal fluid
    5. b and c[top]

33. All of the following are true of the blood-brain barrier EXCEPT
    1. it is not well developed in babies
    2. in order to deliver drugs successfully to the brain, doctors may first have to loosen the capillaries with mannitol
    3. the capillaries making up the barrier are the least permeable capillaries in the body
    4. epithelial cells lining its capillaries are tightly bonded by gap junctions
    5. fat-soluble substances and gases usually get through easily [top]

34. The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing motor information is the
    1. medulla oblongata
    2. pons
    3. midbrain
    4. thalamus
    5. cerebrum [top]

35. Into which lobe of the cerebral cortex would a surgeon place electrodes in order to construct a sensory homunculus?
    1. frontal
    2. parietal
    3. occipital
    4. temporal
    5. inferior[top]

36. After suffering a stroke, Alice finds that she cannot move her left arm. This would suggest that the stroke caused damage to the ___________________ lobe.
    1. right temporal
    2. left temporal
    3. occipital
    4. left frontal
    5. right frontal [top]

37. If a person had damage only to Broca’s area, they
    1. could speak clearly but it would be nonsense
    2. could not speak clearly but could understand what you say
    3. could not speak clearly nor understand what you say
    4. could not formulate patterns of speech
    5. could comprehend spoken but not written words [top]

38. Joe suddenly begins to experience violent mood swings and bizarre sexual behavior. A physical exam reveals a tumor in his brain that is most likely the cause of his new behaviors. In what part of the brain is his tumor most likely located?
    1. somatosensory cortex
    2. primary motor cortex
    3. Wernicke’s area
    4. limbic system
    5. reticular formation [top]

39. Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that causes massive degeneration of
    1. midbrain
    2. cerebellum
    3. basal nuclei
    4. cerebral cortex
    5. brainstem [top] [30]

40-49

40. Turning your head toward a loud, unexpected noise is a reflex controlled by
    1. pons
    2. midbrain
    3. thalamus
    4. medulla
    5. cerebellum[top]

41. Which part of the brain includes the respiratory, vasomotor, and cardiac centers?
    1. pons
    2. medulla
    3. midbrain
    4. basal nuclei
    5. reticular formation [top]

42. Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in
    1. increased consciousness
    2. coma
    3. sleep
    4. increased activity of skeletal muscles
    5. none of the above [top]

43. Electroencephalography (EEG) is used for all of the following EXCEPT
    1. to distinguish different stages of sleep
    2. in the legal determination of brain death
    3. to determine the location of brain injuries
    4. to clinically diagnose epilepsy
    5. to alleviate feelings of anxiety and sleeplessness [top]

44. If a person has retrograde amnesia
    1. their long-term memories are erased
    2. they cannot establish new short-term memories
    3. they cannot remember things that occurred long ago
    4. they cannot establish new long-term memories
    5. they cannot remember recent past events [top]

45. In the parasympathetic nervous system
    1. preganglionic neurons start in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
    2. ganglia are very close to the spinal cord
    3. preganglionic neurons start in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord
    4. the collateral ganglia carry 90% of its outflow
    5. preganglionic fibers are short, postganglionic fibers are long [top]

46. Specialized neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream are located in the
    1. sympathetic chain ganglia
    2. vagus nerve
    3. collateral ganglia
    4. adrenal gland
    5. brainstem [top]

47. Acetylcholine binding to _____________ receptors is always stimulatory.
    1. alpha
    2. beta
    3. nicotinic
    4. muscarinic [top]

48. Increased parasympathetic stimulation
    1. increases heart rate
    2. constricts airways in the lungs
    3. relaxes the bladder
    4. inhibits gut movements
    5. stimulates sweat glands [top]

49. Which disease is characterized by the accumulation of feces in a portion of the large intestines because of a lack of parasympathetic innervation?
    1. Hirschsprung’s disease
    2. Horner’s syndrome
    3. hypertension
    4. Raynaud’s syndrome
    5. myositis ossificans [top] [40]

50-59

50. There are _____ primary taste sensations.
    1. 2
    2. 4
    3. 12
    4. 20
    5. over 50 [top]

51. All of the following are true of smell EXCEPT
    1. olfactory neurons cannot regenerate themselves
    2. the dendrites of olfactory neurons are covered with cilia
    3. when air-borne chemicals bind to receptors on the cilia the charge on the olfactory neuron’s membrane changes
    4. part of the sense of smell actually results from stimulation of pain receptors
    5. information on smell is transmitted to the limbic system in addition to the olfactory cortex [top]

52. Aspirin tends to reduce the sensation of pain by
    1. increasing release of histamines
    2. increasing release of prostaglandins
    3. inhibiting the synthesis of histamine
    4. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins
    5. relaxing smooth muscles in arteries [top]

53. When a rod cell is stimulated by light
    1. the cell membrane becomes depolarized
    2. less inhibitory neurotransmitter is released
    3. more inhibitory neurotransmitter is released
    4. bipolar cells cannot fire
    5. rhodopsin is broken down [top]

54. There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different range of colors. These cones are
    1. red, yellow, blue
    2. red, blue, green
    3. red, green, yellow
    4. yellow, green, blue
    5. red, yellow, indigo [top]

55. List all of the ways in which short-term memory is different from long-term memory. [top]

56. In the 1950s, physicians mistakenly concluded that some of their patients had unusually small adrenal glands. The physicians thought this because...
    1. unknown to the physicians, the cadavers they studied in medical school had unnaturally large adrenals
    2. the cadavers they studied in medical school had unusually small adrenals
    3. small adrenal glands were a common problem in Europe
    4. these patients had led stressful lives and the adrenal gland produces epinephrine
    5. the patients had trouble controlling their sympathetic nervous system [top]

57. Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?
    1. soma
    2. dendrites
    3. axon hillock
    4. axon
    5. axon terminal [top]

58. Where the axon connects to the cell body or soma
    1. telodendrion
    2. dendrite
    3. collateral
    4. hillock
    5. horn [top]

59. Action potentials don’t move backwards along an axon because...
    1. voltage-gated Na+ channels enter a refractory period
    2. ATP blocks the movement of sodium backwards
    3. the Na⁺-K⁺ pump becomes inactivated after the action potential passes
    4. there’s not enough sodium
    5. voltage-gated calcium channels only occur along one end of the axon [top] [50]

60-69

61. The role of calcium in synaptic transmission is to:
    1. bind to postsynaptic receptor channels
    2. activate chemically-gated Na+ channels in the presynaptic neuron
    3. depolarize the axon terminal
    4. stimulate synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
    5. slow the release of neurotransmitter [top]

62. What symptoms would result from a viral infection that destroys the dorsal horn low in the spinal cord (i.e., in lumbar enlargement)
    1. can’t move legs
    2. quadriplegic
    3. can’t move arms
    4. can’t feel arms
    5. can’t feel legs [top]

63. The _______________ plays a major role in the control of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
    1. cerebellum
    2. thalamus
    3. pons
    4. medulla oblongata
    5. midbrain [top]

64. Which brain area is also known as the "emotional brain"?
    1. midbrain
    2. cerebellum
    3. limbic system
    4. cerebral cortex
    5. reticular formation [top]

65. The _______________ contains the pneumotaxic center as well as tracts that enable the cerebellum to communicate with the primary motor cortex
    1. midbrain
    2. basal nuclei
    3. medulla
    4. reticular formation
    5. pons [top]

66. Which of the following is not true of long-term memory?
    1. lots of information can be stored
    2. it has a limited capacity for storage
    3. information lost is usually only temporarily lost
    4. it takes a relatively long time to retrieve information
    5. all long-term memories start out as short-term memories [top]

67. In the sympathetic nervous system
    1. ahe vagus nerve carries 90% of its outflow
    2. ganglia are very close to the organs they innervate
    3. preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short
    4. preganglionic neurons start in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
    5. preganglionic neurons start in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord [top]

68. The adrenal medulla and collateral ganglia belong to the
    1. somatic nervous system
    2. parasympathetic nervous sytem
    3. sympathetic nervous system
    4. sensory system
    5. endocrine system [top]

69. Which neurons can regenerate themselves?
    1. pain receptors
    2. touch receptors
    3. olfactory receptors
    4. taste receptors
    5. none can do this [top] [50] [60]

BATCH 973

[70-79] [80-89] [90-99] [100-109] [110-119] [120-129] [130-139] [140-149] [150-159] [160-169] [170-179] [180-189] [190-199] [200-209] [210-219] [220-229]

70-79

70. Because of the cell membrane enzyme Na,K-ATPase, extracellular Na and K concentrations are ________ and _______, respectively, relative to the intracellular compartment.
    1. high and low
    2. low and high
    3. high and high
    4. low and low
    5. none of the above [top]

71. The nerves that control our skeletal muscles are derived from:
    1. sympathetic autonomic nervous system
    2. somatic nervous system
    3. parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

72. The cerebral white matter is actually made-up primarily of:
    1. neuronal ganglia
    2. neuron cell bodies and dendrites
    3. ependymal cells
    4. myelinated axons
    5. none of the above [top]

73. The peripheral nervous system is divided into two divisions: sensory and motor. Another name or descriptor for the sensory division is:
    1. autonomic
    2. afferent
    3. efferent
    4. somatic
    5. none of the above [top]

74. All motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are:
    1. myelinated bipolar neurons
    2. multipolar neurons
    3. unipolar, unmyelinated neurons
    4. anaxonic neurons
    5. none of the above [top]

75. Unique neurons characterized by a single axon and a single dendrite extending in opposite directions are classified as:
    1. multipolar
    2. unipolar
    3. bipolar
    4. interneuron
    5. none of the above [top]

76. The neurilemma contains the cell body and cytoplasm of what type of cell?
    1. Schwann cells
    2. Oligodendrocytes
    3. Astrocytes
    4. Satellite cells
    5. none of the above [top]

77. While depolarization represents a reduction in the membrane potential relative to the resting potential, an increase in the membrane potential difference (more negative) is termed?
    1. action potential
    2. resting potential
    3. hyperpolarization
    4. graded potential
    5. none of the above [top]

78. A reflex arc includes which of the following pathways:
    1. receptor, efferent path, integrator, afferent path, effector
    2. receptor, afferent path, integrator, efferent path, effector
    3. effector, afferent path, integrator, efferent path, receptor
    4. receptor, integrator, efferent path, effector
    5. none of the above [top]

79. Sensory receptors that advise the central nervous system of body movements and position are termed:
    1. nociceptors
    2. mechanoreceptors
    3. proprioceptors
    4. vibroreceptors
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [70]

80-89

80. Which of the following terms characterizes an axon?
    1. conducting component
    2. myelinated portion
    3. neuron fiber
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

81. The myelin sheath around a neuron in the central nervous system is made-up of glial cells termed:
    1. Microglial cells
    2. Oligodendrocytes
    3. Astrocytes
    4. Ependymal cells
    5. none of the above [top]

82. A tissue characterized by individual cells connected together in sheets that exhibits polarity and is avascular is termed:
    1. muscle
    2. epithelial
    3. connective
    4. nervous
    5. none of the above [top]

83. An example of positive feedback that is critical to neuron action potential generation is the opening of?
    1. voltage-gated K channels
    2. chemically-gated Na channels
    3. voltage-gated Na channels
    4. chemically-gated K channels
    5. none of the above [top]

84. Depolarization of a neuron cell membrane will shift the membrane potential toward:
    1. 0 mV
    2. -70 mV
    3. -90 mV
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

85. Gated channels that open and close in response to a change in membrane potential are termed:
    1. chemically-gated
    2. voltage-gated
    3. mechanically-gated
    4. open-gated
    5. none of the above [top]

86. Changes in transmembrane potential that are localized and nonpropagated are termed:
    1. hyperpolarizing potentials
    2. graded potentials
    3. action potentials
    4. ion potentials
    5. none of the above [top]

87. Which of the following best characterizes a neuron?
    1. enlarged Golgi apparatus
    2. high metabolic rate
    3. cells do not divide
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

88. A collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is termed:
    1. tract
    2. nucleus
    3. ganglion
    4. nerve
    5. none of the above [top]

89. Which of the following is an afferent neuron in the peripheral nervous system?
    1. sensory
    2. motor
    3. unipolar
    4. A and C
    5. none of the above [top] [50] [80]

90-99

90. Peripheral receptors that provide somatic information are grouped as?
    1. exteroceptors
    2. interoceptors
    3. chemoreceptors
    4. baroreceptors
    5. none of the above [top]

91. Neuronal signal transmission that is both stimulus-independent and distance-independent is termed:
    1. action potential
    2. graded potential
    3. membrane potential
    4. resting potential,
    5. none of the above [top]

Match the following:

100-109

Identify and/or explain each of the following:

100. Voltage-gated channel -

101. Endothelium -

102. Basement membrane -

103. Threshold voltage -

104. The series of over 100 interconnected nuclei that are important to somatic motor control, autonomic control and arousal are collectively termed the:
     1. basal nuclei
     2. limbic system
     3. reticular formation
     4. corpora quadrigemmina
     5. none of the above [top]

105. A single neuron repetitively stimulates a postsynaptic membrane to generate a graded potential. This process is referred to as:
     1. reverberation
     2. temporal summation
     3. spatial summation
     4. facilitation
     5. none of the above [top]

106. Which of the following brain areas is part of the diencephalon?
     1. basal nuclei
     2. hypothalamus
     3. pons
     4. cerebellum
     5. none of the above [top]

107. The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere contains which functional area?
     1. primary motor cortex
     2. Broca's area
     3. primary somatosensory cortex
     4. frontal eye field
     5. none of the above [top]

108. The primary result of ACh binding to ACh receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is to:
     1. open gap junctions
     2. open chemically-gated Na channels
     3. open voltage-gated Na channels
     4. open voltage gated Ca channels
     5. none of the above [top]

109. The acetylcholine receptor found on postsynaptic membranes is unique because it is:
     1. cAMP dependent
     2. direct or channel linked
     3. diacylglycerol dependent
     4. Ca dependent
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100]

110-119

110. The cortical auditory and auditory association areas are primarily located in which area?
     1. frontal lobe
     2. parietal lobe
     3. temporal lobe
     4. occipital lobe
     5. none of the above [top]

111. A commissure is a nerve tract that connects:
     1. brain or spinal areas at the midline
     2. gyrus to gyrus
     3. brain to spinal cord (vertically)
     4. spinal cord to an end organ
     5. none of the above [top]

112. A choroid plexus is the site of production of which of the following?
     1. plasma
     2. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
     3. endolymph
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

113. The telencephalon area of gray matter that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus is collectively referred to as:
     1. diencephalon
     2. basal nuclei
     3. midbrain
     4. thalamus
     5. none of the above [top]

114. The visceral or autonomic control center of the brain responsible for multiple systems including cardiovascular, temperature, osmotic, and endocrine regulation is the:
     1. thalamus
     2. hypothalamus
     3. epithalamus
     4. caudate nuclei
     5. none of the above [top]

115. The superior colliculus, substantia nigra and red nucleus are all found in which area?
     1. diencephalon
     2. hypothalamus
     3. midbrain
     4. medulla
     5. none of the above [top]

116. The collection of nuclei within the diencephalon that serves as an important relay center and provides sorting or editing of sensory input to the cerebral cortex is the:
     1. thalamus
     2. hypothalamus
     3. basal nuclei
     4. cerebellum
     5. none of the above [top]

117. Which of the following best describes the overall function of the medulla?
     1. voluntary motor center
     2. autonomic reflex center
     3. emotional or affective brain
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

118. The brain area that functions as the comparative center and is important to the maintenance of muscle tone and the subconscious coordination of muscle movements is the:
     1. hypothalamus
     2. pons
     3. midbrain
     4. cerebellum
     5. none of the above [top]

119. What is the overall function of the limbic system?
     1. integration of voluntary muscle movement
     2. emotional or affective brain
     3. relay center for sensory input
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [110]

120-129

120. A functional system important to arousal and filtering of sensory input ,and critical to autonomic reflex cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, is the:
     1. limbic system
     2. hypothalamus
     3. reticular formation
     4. thalamus
     5. none of the above [top]

121. The presence of a functional blood-brain barrier is primarily due to:
     1. capillary endothelial tight junctions
     2. ependymal cell tight junctions
     3. the choroid plexus
     4. dural sinus mixing of blood and CSF
     5. none of the above [top]

122. Neurons carrying afferent information through the brain stem to ultimately reach the cerebral cortex would very likely synapse in the______.
     1. hypothalamus
     2. cerebellum
     3. basal nuclei
     4. thalamus
     5. none of the above [top]

123. The primary cell type found in the primary motor cortex is unique because the axons extend from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. These neurons are what type of cell?
     1. Purkinje cells
     2. ependymal cells
     3. pyramidal cells
     4. emniscal cells
     5. none of the above [top]

124. Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
     1. autonomic control center
     2. body temperature regulation
     3. regulation of water balance and thirst
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

125. Once an action potential reaches the axon terminus, the initial event essential to neurotransmitter release is:
     1. Na channels close
     2. Ca channels open
     3. K channels close
     4. ATP is liberated
     5. none of the above [top]

126. Which of the following areas is usually found unilaterally (only on one side)?
     1. Broca’s area
     2. primary motor cortex
     3. visual association area
     4. primary sensory cortex
     5. none of the above [top]

127. While two boys were playing, one shot the other in the head with an arrow. The arrow entered the right parietal lobe in the precentral gyrus lateral to the midline. What would be the primary impact of this type of accident?
     1. loss of right side motor function
     2. loss of right side sensory or spatial input,
     3. loss of left side motor function
     4. loss of left side sensory perception
     5. none of the above [top]

128. The corpora quadrigemina, including the superior and inferior colliculi, form the dorsal surface of which brainstem region?
     1. midbrain
     2. pons
     3. medulla
     4. diencephalon
     5. none of the above [top]

129. The superior (mid)sagittal sinus is important to:
     1. CSF production
     2. CSF uptake into the venous drainage of the head
     3. CSF movement from the third to the fourth ventricle
     4. mucus production in the nasopharynx
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [120]

130-139

130. The arbor vitae refers to the:
     1. cerebellar gray matter
     2. cerebellar white matter
     3. cerebral gray matter
     4. cerebral white matter
     5. none of the above [top]

131. The area of the brain that monitors output from the motor cortex and from proprioceptive, visual and equilibrium pathways and provides integrated motor output is the:
     1. thalamus
     2. hypothalamus
     3. basal nuclei
     4. cerebellum
     5. none of the above [top]

132. When a group of disparate nuclei with distinct functions act collectively to perform a specific task, these nuclei comprise what type of system?
     1. autonomic
     2. somatic
     3. functional
     4. structural
     5. none of the above [top]

133. The medullary cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers and the pontine pneumotaxic center are collectively referred to as the:
     1. limbic system
     2. corpus striatum
     3. autonomic integration center
     4. reticular formation
     5. none of the above [top]

134. The midbrain nucleus that works in concert with the basal nuclei to regulate muscle tone is the:
     1. superior colliculus
     2. ateral geniculate nucleus
     3. substantia nigra
     4. Superior olive
     5. none of the above [top]

135. The site for cerebrospinal fluid circulation around the brain is the:
     1. dural sinus
     2. subarachnoid space
     3. subpial space
     4. epidural space
     5. none of the above [top]

136. The one effect that extracellular [H⁺], [K⁺], [Ca⁺⁺] and temperature all share in common is they all:
     1. affect pH
     2. decrease postsynaptic potentials
     3. alter neuron membrane responsiveness
     4. generate IPSPs
     5. none of the above [top]

137. The function of acetylcholinesterase is to:
     1. act as a neurotransmitter
     2. amplify the effect of ACh
     3. degrade ACh
     4. increase postsynaptic potentials
     5. none of the above [top]

138. Which of the following statements best describes ependymal cells?
     1. a type of neuron
     2. a type of macrophage
     3. most numerous of the neuroglia
     4. line the cerebral ventricles
     5. none of the above [top]

139. What is the cerebral location of the primary visual cortex?
     1. parietal lobe
     2. occipital lobe
     3. temporal lobe
     4. parieto-occipital junction
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [130]

140-149

140. The meningeal layer that adheres to the gyri and extends into every sulcus of the brain is the:
     1. pia mater
     2. arachnoid mater
     3. dura mater
     4. periosteum
     5. none of the above [top]

141. Where are neurotransmitter receptors found?
     1. presynaptic membrane
     2. synaptic cleft
     3. postsynaptic membrane
     4. synaptic vesicles
     5. none of the above [top]

143. The dural fold that divides the two cerebral hemispheres is the:
     1. falx cerebri
     2. falx cerebelli
     3. tentorium cerebelli
     4. corpus callosum
     5. none of the above [top]

144. In most people, reading, writing and speaking depend on neuronal processing in the:
     1. right cerebral hemisphere
     2. left cerebral hemisphere
     3. prefrontal cortex
     4. postcentral gyrus
     5. none of the above [top]

145. Largely myelinated fibers that are bundled into tracts and are important to communication between different areas of a single hemisphere are termed:
     1. projection fibers
     2. commisural fibers
     3. association fibers
     4. corona radiata
     5. none of the above [top]

146. The cortical area that is termed the "memory bank for skilled motor activity" and is important to learned motor skills such as dancing and typing is the:
     1. Broca’s area
     2. premotor cortex
     3. primary motor cortex
     4. prefrontal cortex
     5. none of the above [top]

147. The primary auditory cortex and the auditory association areas are found in which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
     1. frontal
     2. parietal
     3. occipital
     4. temporal
     5. all of the above [top]

148. The side of the brain that is associated with langange, math and logic is termed the:
     1. ambidextrous brain
     2. representational hemisphere
     3. categorical hemisphere
     4. creative or poetic side
     5. none of the above [top]

149. Damage to the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of the left hemisphere would have the greatest effect on:
     1. somatic sensory input from the left hip and torso
     2. somatic sensory input from the right hip and torso
     3. motor control of the left hip and torso
     4. motor control of the right hip and torso
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [140]

150-159

150. The one area that serves as the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex and is important to filtering much of the ascending sensory input before it reaches the cortex is the?
     1. basal nuclei
     2. thalamus
     3. hypothalamus
     4. midbrain
     5. none of the above [top]

Match the following:

Provide the location and function for each of the following:

161. Reticular formation - [top]

162. Choroid plexus - [top]

163. Cerebellum - [top]

164. EPSP - [top]

165. Somatotopy - [top]

166. Using labeled diagrams, explain the process of impulse conduction across a cholinergic synapse. [top]

167. While two boys were playing "William Tell," one missed the apple and shot the other right in the midline of the frontal lobe. The arrow penetrated the skull and passed between the two hemispheres without damage except that the entire corpus callosum was severed. Explain the effects you might expect from this type of accident. [top]

168. Trace a possible route for CSF from a lateral ventricle to the mid-sagittal sinus and be sure to identify all the meningeal layers encountered. [top]

169. Explain why conduction velocity is significantly faster in a Type A fiber relative to a Type C fiber. [top] [50] [100] [150] [160]

170-179

170. Sketch a typical neuron, label, and provide at least one function for: 1) cell body, dendrites, axon, telodendria, myelin sheath, node of Ranvier. [top]

171. Sketch a typical action potential, label the curves in terms of both ion gate opening and closing and depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization, and briefly explain what happens. [top]

172. The nerves that control voluntary skeletal muscle movement derive from the:
     1. sympathetic nervous system,
     2. somatic nervous system
     3. parasympathetic nervous system
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

173. Adrenal gland secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine is important in supplementing the effects of which of the following systems?
     1. somatic nervous system
     2. parasympathetic nervous system
     3. sympathetic nervous system
     4. central nervous system
     5. none of the above [top]

174. What is the origin of preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?
     1. diencephalon
     2. sympathetic chain
     3. thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
     4. brain stem and sacral region of spinal cord
     5. none of the above [top]

175. The characteristics associated with anxieties such as "stage fright," which includes pupil dilation, dry mouth, increased heart rate and sweaty palms, reflect activation of which system?
     1. sympathetic
     2. parasympathetic,
     3. somatic
     4. afferent
     5. none of the above [top]

176. Over 90 percent of all parasympathetic fibers derive from which cranial nerve?
     1. III; oculomotor
     2. VII; Facial
     3. IV; glossopharyngeal
     4. X; vagus
     5. none of the above [top]

177. The primary motor neuron pathway characterized by a single neuron that extends from the motor cortex to the lumbar spinal cord is the:
     1. pyramidal (corticospinal) tract
     2. rubrospinal tract
     3. vestibulospinal tract
     4. reticulospinal tract
     5. none of the above [top]

178. The first "way station" or synapse in the visual pathway from the eye to the cortex is the:
     1. superior colliculus,
     2. lateral geniculate nucleus
     3. reticular formation
     4. visual cortex
     5. none of the above [top]

179. The peripheral nervous system is divided into two divisions: sensory and motor. Another name or descriptor for the sensory division is:
     1. autonomic
     2. afferent
     3. efferent
     4. somatic
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [150] [170]

180-189

180. The phrenic nerve, which controls the diaphragm and thus is important to respiration, derives from which area of the spinal cord?
     1. lumbar plexus
     2. cervical plexus
     3. brachial plexus
     4. sacral plexus
     5. none of the above [top]

181. Neurons carrying afferent information from peripheral sensory receptors enter the spinal cord via which pathway?
     1. anterior horn
     2. ventral root
     3. dorsal root
     4. posterior funiculus
     5. none of the above [top]

182. The fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis are nerve tracts in the spinal cord that provide information regarding:
     1. light touch, pressure and proprioception
     2. pain and temperature
     3. motor movements
     4. proprioception only
     5. none of the above [top]

183. The primary motor pathway or corticospinal tract is unique because a single neuron extends from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. These neurons are what type of cell?
     1. Purkinje cells
     2. ependymal cells
     3. pyramidal cells
     4. lemniscal cells
     5. none of the above [top]

184. The cranial nerve important to regulating pupil reflexes and eye movement is:
     1. II; Optic
     2. III; oculomotor
     3. IV; trochlear
     4. VI; abducens
     5. none of the above [top]

185. Sensory receptors that advise the central nervous system of body movements and position are termed:
     1. nociceptors
     2. mechanoreceptors
     3. proprioceptors
     4. vibroreceptors
     5. none of the above [top]

186. Highly sensitive mechanoreceptors found in the dermal papillae of hairless skin such as the fingertips and lips would most likely be which type of receptor?
     1. Pacinian corpuscles
     2. Meissner corpuscles
     3. Ruffini corpuscles
     4. free dendritic endings
     5. none of the above [top]

187. The term "intrafusal fibers" actually refers to:
     1. muscle spindles
     2. skeletal muscles
     3. collagen fibers
     4. joint capsules
     5. none of the above [top]

188. The initiating event in the patellar reflex (knee-jerk reflex) following tapping of the patellar tendon is:
     1. muscle contraction
     2. muscle spindle activation
     3. afferent impulses to the spinal cord
     4. alpha motor neuron activation
     5. none of the above [top]

189. Following afferent initiation the crossed extensor reflex includes:
     1. ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension
     2. ipsilateral extension and contralateral flexion
     3. ipsilateral flexion and contralateral flexion
     4. ipsilateral extension and contralateral extension
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [150] [180]

190-199

190. The portion of the autonomic nervous system that is characterized anatomically by neurons with short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons is termed:
     1. sensory
     2. somatic
     3. parasympathetic
     4. sympathetic
     5. none of the above [top]

191. A major distinguishing feature of the sympathetic side of the autonomic nervous system is:
     1. postganglionic neuron neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
     2. preganglionic neuron neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
     3. postganglionic neuron neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
     4. preganglionic neuron neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
     5. none of the above [top]

192. The parasympathetic nervous system includes which of the following cranial nerves:
     1. IV; trochlear
     2. VI; abducens
     3. IX; glossopharyngeal
     4. XII; hypoglossal
     5. none of the above [top]

193. Although the craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system includes multiple cranial and sacral nerves, more than 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers can be attributed to which nerve?
     1. III; oculomotor
     2. X; vagus
     3. sacral nerves S2-S4
     4. IX; glossopharyngeal
     5. none of the above [top]

194. The section of the autonomic nervous system in which stimulation would be associated with an increase in blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in gastrointestinal activity would be:
     1. sympathetic
     2. parasympathetic
     3. somatic
     4. lemniscal
     5. none of the above [top]

195. Cholinergic receptors found at motor end plates and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system would be classified as:
     1. adrenergic
     2. nicotinic
     3. muscarinic
     4. histaminergic
     5. none of the above [top]

196. The adrenergic receptors which directly mediate increases in heart rate and contractility of the heart are classified as:
     1. alpha-1; a₁
     2. beta-1; b₁
     3. beta-2; b₂
     4. beta-3; b₃
     5. none of the above [top]

197. The photoreceptor cells which provide bright light and high acuity color vision and maintain a direct path to the visual cortex are the:
     1. amacrine cells
     2. bipolar cells
     3. rods
     4. cones
     5. none of the above [top]

198. One characteristic that distinguishes the retinal ganglion cells from the other retinal cells is they:
     1. are bipolar
     2. generate action potentials
     3. are embedded in the pigmented layer
     4. contact the horizontal cells
     5. none of the above [top]

199. The transmembrane protein that determines color vision and is important in initiating photoreceptor responses to light is:
     1. rhodopsin
     2. retinal
     3. transducin
     4. opsin
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [150] [190]

200-209

200. Which of the following occurs during the "dark" or resting state of photoreceptors (rods)?
     1. outer segment Na channels are closed
     2. presynaptic Ca channels are closed
     3. continuous neurotransmitter release
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

201. The combination of structures that actually provides the perception of sound is the:
     1. vestibular membrane
     2. basilar membrane
     3. organ of Corti
     4. round window
     5. none of the above [top]

202. Which of the following is not a primary member of the auditory pathway?
     1. cochlear nuclei
     2. superior colliculus
     3. inferior colliculus
     4. medial geniculate nucleus
     5. none of the above [top]

203. The initiation of action potentials in the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti reflects opening of what kind of channels?
     1. mechanically gated
     2. voltage-gated
     3. chemically gated
     4. spontaneously gated
     5. none of the above [top]

204. In the spinal column the subarachnoid space lies between which two layers of the meninges?
     1. arachnoid and dura
     2. arachnoid and pia
     3. periosteal and meningeal dura
     4. pia and gray matter
     5. none of the above

205. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors would be found in which of the following areas?
     1. somatic neuromuscular junctions
     2. autonomic postganglionic neurons
     3. adrenal medulla
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above[top]

206. Where are the cell bodies of spinal nerve sensory neurons located?
     1. dorsal root ganglion
     2. ventral root ganglion
     3. sympathetic ganglion
     4. spinal cord white matter
     5. none of the above [top]

207. The first order neurons that serve as the primary route for sensitive touch and proprioceptive sensory input from the legs would be the:
     1. fasciculus cuneatus
     2. posterior spinocerebellar tract
     3. lateral spinothalamic tract
     4. fasciculus gracilis
     5. none of the above [top]

208. A pure Beta-2 adrenergic receptor mimetic would have which effect?
     1. increase blood pressure
     2. increase heart rate
     3. increase bronchiole dilation in the lungs
     4. 1 and 3
     5. none of the above [top]

209. Which of the following is a stretch receptor found in the dermis of the skin?
     1. Meissner corpuscles
     2. Krause end-bulbs
     3. Ruffini corpuscles
     4. Merkel cells
     5. none of the above[top] [50] [100] [150] [200]

210-219

210. Which cranial nerve provides the first link in mediating information exchange between the Organ of Corti hair cells and the cerebral cortex ?
     1. VI; Abducens
     2. II; optic
     3. VIII; auditory
     4. IV; trochlear
     5. none of the above [top]

211. Although nicotinic cholinergic receptors are widely dispersed, muscarinic receptors are primarily restricted to?
     1. neuromuscular junctions
     2. postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
     3. effector sites of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

212. The overall effect of light on the retinal photoreceptor cells is to produce:
     1. hyperpolarization
     2. close voltage-gated Ca channels
     3. decrease neurotransmitter release
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

213. The wiring pathway for cone cells would include which of the following:
     1. horizontal cells to ganglion cells
     2. bipolar cells to ganglion cells
     3. amacrine cells to ganglion cells
     4. rods to horizontal cells
     5. none of the above [top]

214. Light affects retinal and its opsin, opsin activates transducin, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE), and PDE hydrolyses cGMP. What happens next?
     1. Ca channels close
     2. membrane depolarizes
     3. Na channels close
     4. neurotransmitter release increases
     5. none of the above [top]

215. What is the cerebral location of the primary visual cortex?
     1. parietal lobe
     2. occipital lobe
     3. temporal lobe
     4. parieto-occipital junction
     5. none of the above [top]

216. The transduction of sound from the oval window to the vestibular membrane depends on the transfer of sound waves through which type of fluid?
     1. endolymph
     2. perilymph
     3. lymphatic fluid
     4. CSF
     5. none of the above [top]

217. Basilar membrane vibration in the cochlea causes:
     1. the oval window vibrates
     2. the cochlear duct closes
     3. organ of Corti hair cells bend
     4. all of the above
     5. none of the above [top]

218. Which of the so-called special senses is actually mediated by the primary somatosensory cortex?
     1. smell
     2. taste
     3. vision
     4. hearing
     5. none of the above [top]

219. Mechanoreceptors that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels (carotid and aortic sinus) are termed?
     1. tactile receptors
     2. proprioceptors
     3. baroreceptors
     4. nociceptors
     5. none of the above [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [210]

220-229

220. What would Pacinian corpuscles in the skin detect?
     1. deep pressure
     2. muscle stretch
     3. fine touch
     4. temperature changes
     5. none of the above [top]

221. The only example of neurons that are continuously replaced throughout life are the specialized neurons that mediate?
     1. smell
     2. taste
     3. vision
     4. hearing
     5. none of the above [top]

For each of the following, explain where it is found and why it is important.

222. Receptive field - [top]

223. Cauda equina - [top]

224. Cervical plexus - [top]

225. Muscle spindle - [top]

226. Beta-1 adrenergic receptors - [top]

227. Organ or Corti - [top]

228. Rhodopsin - [top]

229. Paravertebral ganglion - [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [220]

230-239

230. Outline the basic wiring of the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic systems from the CNS to the effector site in terms of number of neurons, axon length, neurotransmitters and receptors employed. [top]

231. A construction worker had a thin splinter of wood thrown into his eye. The splinter passed through the cornea and slid past the lens to penetrate the interior lateral side of the eye well away from the optic disc. What cell layers might be damaged? How would the cellular effect differ if the splinter entered the fovea? [top]

232. Explain how a simple stretch reflex such as a patellar reflex occurs. Use a diagram to explain your answer. [top]

BATCH 941

[230-239] [240-249] [250-]

233. Color vision is possible because we have:
     1. a specialized cell type to detect each & every color in the rainbow.
     2. cells that individually detect only red, blue, and green.
     3. cells that individually detect only red, blue, and yellow.
     4. a high concentration of rods in the fovea.
     5. 5 distinct types of neural cells in the retina. [top]

234. The neurons in the retina that generate action potentials are the:
     1. photoreceptors.
     2. amacrine cells.
     3. horizontal cells.
     4. ganglion cells.
     5. all of the above. [top]

235. Adaptation of a receptor refers to:
     1. a shift in the functional range of sensitivity of the receptor due to a constant level of background stimulation.
     2. an increase in the sensitivity of a receptor following a high intensity (level) of stimulation.
     3. an decrease in the sensitivity of a receptor following a low intensity (level) of stimulation.
     4. the heightened sensitivity to many types of stimuli in infants and children compared to adults and older people.
     5. human "editing" of the DNA of the receptor to make people with unbelievably sensitive hearing, vision, smell, etc. [top]

236. Which of the following statements is accurate?
     1. The lacrimal glands produce tears which pass through the superior and inferior lacrimal canals to the eye. The tears drain from the eye through the lacrimal ducts into the lacrimal sacs, and leave the lacrimal apparatus via the nasolacrimal ducts.
     2. The lacrimal sacs produce tears which pass through the lacrimal ducts to the eye. The tears drain from the eye through the superior and inferior lacrimal canals into the lacrimal glands, and leave the lacrimal apparatus via the nasolacrimal ducts.
     3. The lacrimal glands produce tears which pass through the lacrimal ducts to the eye. The tears drain from the eye through the superior and inferior lacrimal canals into the lacrimal sacs, and leave the lacrimal apparatus via the nasolacrimal ducts.
     4. The lacrimal canals produce tears which pass through the lacrimal sacs to the eye. The tears drain from the eye through the superior and inferior lacrimal glands into the lacrimal ducts, and leave the lacrimal apparatus via the nasolacrimal ducts.
     5. The Meibomian glands produce tears which drain through the superior and inferior lacrimal canals into the lacrimal sacs. When one or both of the lacrimal canals becomes plugged or infected it forms a lacrimal carbuncle. [top]

237. The purpose of the pigmented epithelium at the back of the retina is
     1. to reflect light back through the photoreceptors to increase visual sensitivity.
     2. to absorb light that did not strike a visual pigment as it passed through the eye.
     3. to give the iris its color resulting in blue, green, brown, hazel or black eye color.
     4. to provide blood vessels and nutrients to the photoreceptors.
     5. to determine the organization, number and spacing of rods and cones throughout the retina. [top]

238. The vitreous humor is found in the
     1. anterior cavity.
     2. anterior chamber.
     3. posterior chamber.
     4. posterior cavity.
     5. none of the above. [top]

239. Macular degeneration is a progressive deterioration of the macula lutea associated with old age. Its symptoms include
     1. decreased visual acuity.
     2. decreased color vision.
     3. a "hole" in the center portion of the visual field.
     4. decreased nighttime and peripheral vision.
     5. a, b, and c. [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [230]

240-249

240. The fovea contains a very high concentration of:
     1. ion channels.
     2. cones.
     3. rods.
     4. axons.
     5. blood vessels. [top]

241. Visual cortex of the right hemisphere receives visual information from
     1. the lateral portion of the retina from both the right and left eyes.
     2. the medial portion of the retina from both the right and left eyes.
     3. the lateral portion of the retina from the right eye and the medial portion of the retina from the left eye.
     4. the medial portion of the retina from the right eye and the lateral portion of the retina from the left eye.
     5. the lateral portion of the retina from the right eye and the right half of the visual field in front of the subject. [top]

242. If you stare intensely at a bright blue-green image for 1-2 minutes and then stare at a white page for a minute or so, what color image will you see on the page (aftereffect from the blue-green image)?
     1. white
     2. yellow
     3. blue
     4. green
     5. red [top]

243. The malleus is attached to
     1. tympanic membrane.
     2. oval window.
     3. round window.
     4. tectorial membrane.
     5. basilar membrane. [top]

244. The stapes is attached to
     1. tympanic membrane.
     2. oval window.
     3. round window.
     4. tectorial membrane.
     5. basilar membrane. [top]

245. The hair cells of the cochlea are embedded/attached to
     1. tympanic membrane.
     2. oval window.
     3. round window.
     4. tectorial membrane.
     5. basilar membrane. [top]

246. The cilia of the hair cells in the cochlea are bent by contact with the
     1. tympanic membrane.
     2. oval window.
     3. round window.
     4. tectorial membrane.
     5. basilar membrane. [top]

247. The frequency of a sound is indicated by
     1. the strength of the vibration that travels through the cochlea.
     2. the number of hair cells activated by the compression wave through the perilymph and endolymph within the cochlea.
     3. the direction of bending of the cilia on the apical side of the hair cells within the cochlea.
     4. the position along the basilar membrane that vibrates most in resonance to a compression wave through the perilymph and endolymph within the cochlea.
     5. the position along the tectorial membrane that vibrates most in resonance to a compression wave through the endolymph within the semicircular canals. [top]

248. Pick the true statement from the following.
     1. In vision, a receptor potential is generated in the ganglion cell, and a generator potential is generated in the photoreceptor.
     2. In vision, a receptor potential is generated in the photoreceptor, and a generator potential is generated in the bipolar cell.
     3. In hearing, a receptor potential is generated in the hair cell of the cochlea, and a generator potential is generated in an afferent fiber of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
     4. In hearing, a receptor potential is generated in an afferent fiber of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and a generator potential is generated in the hair cell of the cochlea.
     5. Receptor potentials and generator potentials are always the same thing. [top]

249. Describe the pathway of a light wave as it enters the eye and moves through the eye to the photoreceptors. Explain accommodation of the eye for near or far vision. [top] [50] [100] [150] [200] [240]

250-259

250. Describe 3 pathways that visual information is conveyed from the retina of the eye to structures within the brain (i.e. describe where fibers from optic nerve go). What is the function of each of these 3 pathways? [top]