ZOOL. 252 EXAM QUESTIONS - RESPIRATORY

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69] [70-79] [80-89] [90-99]

[BATCH 972]

[BATCH 941]

[BATCH 962]

[BATCH 931]

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BATCH 972

[1-9] [10-19]

1-9

1. The respiratory membrane is a combination of:
   1. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
   2. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal lamina
   3. pleura and alveolar sacs
   4. bronchi and bronchioles
   5. none of the above [top]

2. The function of the type II pneumocytes is to:
   1. trap dust and other debris
   2. secrete surfactant
   3. replace mucus in the bronchioles
   4. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
   5. none of the above [top]

3. The relationship between changes in pressure and changes in volume that is used to explain the process of respiration is:
   1. Boyle’s law
   2. Henry’s law
   3. Charles’ law
   4. Dalton’s law
   5. none of the above [top]

4. The primary function of pulmonary surfactant is to:
   1. humidify the air as it enters the lungs
   2. warm the air as it enters the lungs
   3. reduce the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
   4. protect the alveoli from airborne particles
   5. none of the above [top]

5. The tidal volume is:
   1. the volume of air forcibly expelled after normal expiration
   2. volume exchanged during normal breathing
   3. volume inhaled after normal inspiration
   4. volume remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
   5. none of the above [top]

6. The total volume of exchangeable air in the lungs is termed the:
   1. tidal volume
   2. vital capacity
   3. inspiratory capacity
   4. expiratory reserve volume
   5. none of the above [top]

7. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood:
   1. can be decreased by voluntary hyperventilation
   2. may be associated with changes in blood pH
   3. is highest in venous blood
   4. all of the above
   5. none of the above [top]

8. The principal factors that contribute to pulmonary gas exchange are:
   1. partial pressure gradients for O₂ and CO₂
   2. respiratory membrane function
   3. alveolar ventilation and pulmonary perfusion
   4. all of the above
   5. none of the above [top]

9. Which of the following accounts for the largest portion of CO₂ transport in blood?
   1. as carbaminohemoglobin
   2. dissolved in plasma
   3. as bicarbonate ion
   4. all of the above
   5. none of the above[top]

10-19

10. Which of the following chemical factors is viewed to be the most important determinant of rate and depth of breathing?
    1. arterial blood PCO₂
    2. arterial blood PO₂
    3. arterial blood pH
    4. arterial flow
    5. none of the above [top]

11. The effect of changes in arterial PO₂ or pH on pulmonary ventilation are primarily mediated via the:
    1. central chemoreceptors
    2. peripheral chemoreceptors
    3. medullary centers
    4. peripheral baroreceptors
    5. none of the above [top]

12. The collection of nuclei that are collectively termed the "respiratory center" and mediate overall respiratory control respond to inputs from which of the following sources?
    1. peripheral chemoreceptors
    2. stretch receptors in the lungs
    3. emotional stimuli via the hypothalamus
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

13. Lung compliance reflects the ease with which lung volume can change. How would fibrosis or stiffening of the lung (a decrease in compliance) affect the pressure required to ventilate the lung?
    1. increase
    2. decrease
    3. not change
    4. increase and then decrease
    5. none of the above [top]

14. The simple squamous epithelial cells that serve as the site of gas exchange in the lungs are the:
    1. Type II cells,
    2. clara cells
    3. Type I cells
    4. alveolar macrophages
    5. none of the above [top]

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of erythrocytes?
    1. biconcave disc
    2. anucleate
    3. no mitochondria
    4. ability to deform and reform
    5. none of the above. [top]

16. In contrast to the systemic vascular response, the pulmonary vasculature response to a decrease in arterial PO₂ is to:
    1. vasodilate
    2. vasoconstrict
    3. not change
    4. alternate between vasoconstriction and vasodilation
    5. none of the above [top]

Match the following:

21. Explain oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation. [top]

22. Outline the major events in pulmonary ventilation and the primary regulatory mechanisms involved. [top]

BATCH 941

[20-29] [30-39] [40-49]

23. Surface tension is important in:
    1. helping inflate the lungs.
    2. helping deflate the lungs.
    3. creating a vacuum in the intrapleural cavity.
    4. lung elasticity.
    5. a or b, depending on the location [top]

Match the following:

26. Which of the following statements describes a muscle action which is a part of normal inspiration?
    1. The diaphragm contracts pulling downward.
    2. The diaphragm contracts pulling upward.
    3. The intercostal muscles contract pulling the sternum downward.
    4. The intercostal cartilages release stored energy during inspiration.
    5. Muscle contraction is not required for inspiration [top]

27. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across capillary walls and epithelium in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:
    1. active transport.
    2. simple diffusion.
    3. filtration.
    4. osmosis.
    5. facilitated diffusion [top]

28. Most of the oxygen carried by your blood is carried-
    1. in solution
    2. bound nonspecifically to proteins in the blood
    3. in acidic form
    4. bound to hemoglobin
    5. all of the above [top]

29. The carbon dioxide in your blood is carried-
    1. in solution.
    2. bound to proteins in the blood as carbamino- compounds (such as carbaminohemoglobin).
    3. as bicarbonate ion.
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top] [20]

30-39

30. Major control of the rate and depth of breathing in a normal, healthy person is due to
    1. a buildup of oxygen in the blood.
    2. a lack of oxygen in the blood.
    3. a lack of CO₂ in the blood detected as a low pH in the CSF.
    4. an excess of CO₂ in the blood detected as a low pH in the CSF.
    5. an excess of CO₂ in the blood detected as a high pH in the CSF. [top]

31. Which of the following statements are true?

I. Oxygen is more soluble in water than carbon dioxide. II. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen.

III. Air has a lot of oxygen and very little carbon dioxide. IV. Air has a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen.

1. I and III
2. I and IV
3. II and III
4. II and IV
5. III only [top]

Match the following:

36. Which of the following statements describes a muscle action which is a part of normal expiration?
    1. The diaphragm contracts pulling downward.
    2. The diaphragm contracts pulling upward.
    3. The intercostal muscles contract raising the ribs.
    4. The intercostal muscles relax and the intercostal cartilages release energy stored in them during inspiration.
    5. The sinus passages deflate like a bellows releasing energy stored in stretch of elastic components [top] [30]

Match the following:

42. When your blood pH drops,
    1. it becomes more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
    2. it becomes easier for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
    3. the blood is probably passing through a capillary bed in the lungs.
    4. A and B
    5. B and C [top]

43. A chloride shift -
    1. occurs across the RBC membrane as a trade of a chloride ion out of the RBC for a bicarbonate ion into the RBC, to enable the formation of more bicarbonate ion from CO₂ via the action of carbonic anhydrase.
    2. occurs across the RBC membrane as a trade of a chloride ion into the RBC for a bicarbonate ion out of the RBC, to enable the formation of more bicarbonate ion from CO₂ via the action of carbonic anhydrase.
    3. occurs across the lung epithelial membrane as a trade of a chloride ion out of the plasma for a bicarbonate ion into the plasma, to enable the formation of more CO₂ from bicarbonate ion via the action of carbonic anhydrase.
    4. occurs across the lung epithelial membrane as a trade of a chloride ion into the plasma for a bicarbonate ion out of the plasma, to enable the formation of more CO₂ from bicarbonate ion via the action of carbonic anhydrase.
    5. occurs across the lung epithelial membrane as an active trapping of chloride gas from the lungs to replenish diminished supplies of this ion during times of inadequate salt availability. [top]

44. Major control of the rate and depth of breathing in a normal, healthy person is due to
    1. a buildup of oxygen in the blood.
    2. a lack of oxygen in the blood.
    3. a lack of CO₂ in the blood detected as a low pH in the CSF.
    4. an excess of CO₂ in the blood detected as a low pH in the CSF.
    5. an excess of CO₂ in the blood detected as a high pH in the CSF. [top]

45. Explain Henry's Law and the physical science underlying it. Why does a physiologist need to know Henry's Law? [top]

46. Graph fetal and maternal hemoglobin saturation (oxygen association) curves together on one graph (please label your axes; units not required). Please describe the physiological factors responsible for the difference between these two curves. [top]

BATCH 962

[50-59] [60-69] [70-79]

47. Gas exchange between the blood and the air in the lungs is called:
    1. pulmonary ventilation
    2. external respiration
    3. transport of respiratory gases
    4. internal respiration
    5. b and d are both correct [top]

48. Which of the following is included in the respiratory zone?
    1. trachea
    2. alveoli
    3. alveolar ducts
    4. a and b
    5. b and c [top]

49. Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs:
    1. is called intrapleural pressure
    2. is called intrapulmonary pressure
    3. is always negative
    4. is always positive
    5. none are correct [top] [40]

50-59

50. Which of the following is responsible for the intrapleural pressure being negative?
    1. tendency of the lungs to recoil
    2. surface tension of the alveolar fluid
    3. lung compliance
    4. a and b
    5. all of the above [top]

51. The contraction of the diaphragm is important in respiration because:

1. it results in an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity. 2. it results in a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

3. it results in an increase in intrapulmonary pressure. 4. it results in a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure.

5 . it results in an increase in intrapleural pressure. 6. it results in a decrease in intrapleural pressure.

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. 1, 3, and 5 are correct
4. 1, 4, and 6 are correct
5. 2 , 3, and 5 are correct [top]

52. When a person is quietly breathing, what drives expiration?
    1. contraction of the diaphragm
    2. passive elasticity of the lungs
    3. contraction of the abdominal wall [top]

53. The ease with which the lungs can be expanded is...
    1. recoil
    2. elasticity
    3. compliance
    4. surface tension [top]

54. Type II alveolar cells or pneumocytes produce surfactant, which has a direct role in lowering...
    1. recoil
    2. elasticity
    3. compliance
    4. surface tension [top]

55. Which of the following does not increase pulmonary ventilation?
    1. increased airway resistance
    2. increased lung compliance
    3. increased lung elasticity
    4. reduced alveolar surface tension [top]

56. Atmospheric air is mostly.....
    1. carbon dioxide
    2. oxygen
    3. carbon monoxide
    4. nitrogen [top]

57. The statement, "when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure" describes?
    1. Henry’s Law
    2. Dalton’s Law
    3. Boyle’s Law [top]

58. Which of the following is most soluble in water?
    1. nitrogen
    2. oxygen
    3. carbon dioxide [top]

59. Which of the following reduces the amount of gas exchange in the lungs?
    1. increase solubility of the gases
    2. increase surface area for gas exchange
    3. increase thickness of the respiratory membrane [top] [50]

60-69

60. Which of the following enhances the unloading of oxygen at the tissues?
    1. increase temperature
    2. increase levels of carbon dioxide
    3. falling levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
    4. a and b
    5. all are correct [top]

Match the following:

68. Which of the following affects the exchange of gases between the air and blood in the lungs?
    1. the partial pressure gradients
    2. the structural characteristics of the exchange membrane
    3. ventilation-perfusion coupling
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above [top]

69. Most of the oxygen in your blood is carried:
    1. in solution
    2. bound nonspecifically to proteins in the blood
    3. bound to hemoglobin
    4. all of the above [top] [50] [60]

70-79

70. The carbon dioxide in your blood is carried:
    1. in solution
    2. bound nonspecifically to proteins in the blood
    3. in acidic form
    4. bound to hemoglobin
    5. all of the above [top]

71. When your blood pH drops,
    1. it becomes more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
    2. it becomes easier for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
    3. the blood is probably passing through a capillary bed in the tissues.
    4. A and B
    5. A and C [top]

72. Cooperation...
    1. explains why it is easier for each subsequent oxygen molecule to bind to hemoglobin
    2. explains why the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is not linear
    3. explains why it is easier to unload each subsequent oxygen molecule where oxygen is needed
    4. all are correct [top]

73. Emotional control over respiration originates from the...
    1. hypothalamus
    2. medullary respiratory center
    3. pons respiratory center
    4. cortical control [top]

74. Blood levels of which of the following is most closely controlled?
    1. CO₂
    2. oxygen
    3. hydrogen ion [top]

75. Explain how CO₂ is carried in the blood steam as bicarbonate ion. [top]

BATCH 931

[80-89] [90-99]

76. What do the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems have in common in terms of function?
    1. delivery of oxygen to body tissues
    2. contain lymphoid tissue for immune function
    3. absorption of ions and glucose into the bloodstream
    4. elimination of waste products from the body
    5. filtration of debris out of body fluids [top]

77. How do the results of muscular action in heart and respiratory muscles compare/contrast?
    1. both generate an increase in pressure upon contraction
    2. both generate a decrease in pressure upon contraction
    3. both produce no action upon relaxation
    4. both are triggered by neural activity
    5. one produces an increase in pressure while the other produces a decrease in pressure [top]

78. What is the most important factor regulating respiration?
    1. CO₂
    2. O₂
    3. epinephrine
    4. acetylcholine
    5. SA node [top]

79. How is most of the CO₂ transported in the blood?
    1. dissolved in the plasma
    2. bound to amino acids in hemoglobin
    3. bound to the iron (Fe) atom in hemoglobin
    4. combined with BPG
    5. SUV [top] [50] [70]

80-89

80. The forces that favor inflation of the lungs are:
    1. surface tension in alveoli and lung elasticity
    2. surface tension in alveoli and vacuum effect of lower intrapleural pressure
    3. adhesive force in pleural cavity and lung elasticity
    4. adhesive force in pleural cavity and vacuum effect of lower intrapleural pressure [top]

81. To produce inflation of the lungs, the respiratory muscles contract, thereby:
    1. increasing space volume and pressure in the thorax and lungs
    2. decreasing space volume and pressure in the thorax and lungs
    3. increasing space volume and decreasing pressure in the thorax and lungs
    4. decreasing space volume and increasing pressure in the thorax and lungs
    5. decreasing space volume and pressure in the thorax and increasing them in the lungs [top]

82. Trachealis muscles contract during:
    1. swallowing
    2. laughing
    3. screaming
    4. coughing
    5. all of the above [top]

83. What effect does epinephrine have on bronchioles?
    1. increases resistance
    2. decreases resistance
    3. stimulates contraction
    4. stimulates O₂ unloading
    5. stimulates O₂ loading [top]

84. Respiratory muscle cells contain _________________receptors, as do _________________ cells.
    1. muscarinic; skeletal muscle
    2. muscarinic; visceral smooth muscle
    3. nicotinic; skeletal muscle
    4. nicotinic; visceral smooth muscle
    5. muscarinic; cardiac muscle [top]

85. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory conducting zone?
    1. warming
    2. gas exchange
    3. humidification
    4. purification
    5. conduction [top]

86. If the wall of your thorax is opened due to a penetrating wound:
    1. both lungs will collapse
    2. only the lung on the same side of the thorax as the wound will collapse
    3. a lung will collapse only if the lung tissue is also penetrated
    4. b & c
    5. none of the above [top]

87. According to Boyle’s law:
    1. space volume and air pressure are inversely proportional
    2. the product of space volume x air pressure is constant
    3. CO₂ combines with water to form carbonic acid
    4. a & b
    5. none of the above [top]

88. Which of the following does NOT happen during normal expiration?
    1. the abdominal wall muscles contract
    2. the diaphragm muscles moves upward
    3. the rib cage moves downward and inward
    4. intrapulmonary pressure changes from high to low
    5. intercostal muscles relax [top]

89. Lung cells acquire their O₂ and nutrients via the __________________________________ circulation.
    1. bronchial
    2. pulmonary
    3. coronary
    4. vasa vasorum
    5. vasa recta [top] [50] [80]

90-99

90. Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for _________________________________________than for O₂.
    1. CO₂
    2. fetal blood
    3. epinephrine
    4. testosterone
    5. BPG [top]