ZOOL. 252 EXAM QUESTIONS - URINARY

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29] [30-39] [40-49] [50-59] [60-69] [70-79] [80-]

[BATCH 941]

[BATCH 971]

[BATCH 961]

[BATCH 931]

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BATCH 941

[1-9] [10-19] [20-29]

1-9

1. Which of the following best describes the events occurring in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
   1. passive reabsorption of water
   2. passive reabsorption of urea and water
   3. active reabsorption of NaCl and passive reabsorption of water; site of greatest reabsorption of salt and water
   4. active reabsorption of NaCl and passive reabsorption of water; site of macula densa cells
   5. active reabsorption of NaCl [top]

Match the following:

7. Kidneys produce _____, which carries _____-soluble wastes for excretion from the body;

   the liver produces _____ which carries _____ -soluble wastes for excretion from the body.

   (Choose the sequence of words which best fills in the blanks in the statements above.)

   1. bile, water, urine, fat
   2. urine, fat, bile, water
   3. bile, fat, urine, water
   4. urine, water, bile, fat
   5. none of the above [top]

8. Renin release is stimulated by:
   1. increased osmolarity or increased blood pressure.
   2. increased osmolarity or decreased blood pressure.
   3. decreased osmolarity or decreased blood pressure.
   4. decreased osmolarity or increased blood pressure.
   5. angiotensin II.[top]

9. Antidiuretic hormone release is stimulated by:
   1. increased osmolarity or increased blood pressure.
   2. increased osmolarity or decreased blood pressure.
   3. decreased osmolarity or decreased blood pressure.
   4. decreased osmolarity or increased blood pressure.
   5. angiotensin II. [top]

10-19

10. Antidiuretic hormone works by:
    1. increasing the activity and numbers Na/K ATPase pumps in the cells of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
    2. increasing the synthesis and insertion into membrane of water channel proteins in the cells of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
    3. decreasing the activity and numbers Na/K ATPase pumps in the cells of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
    4. decreasing the synthesis and insertion into membrane of water channel proteins in the cells of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
    5. c & d [top]

11. Aldosterone:
    1. increases Na reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    2. decreases Na reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    3. increases water reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    4. decreases water reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    5. b & d [top]

12. Atrial natriuretic peptide:
    1. increases Na reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    2. decreases Na reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    3. increases water reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    4. decreases water reabsorption in the renal tubule.
    5. b & d. [top]

13. In the glomerular capsule, the filtration of blood elements into the nephron is based on:
    1. size of the molecules in the blood.
    2. whether or not the molecules carry a charge regardless of size.
    3. the selectivity of the filtration membrane which is determined by the hydrostatic pressure as the blood comes into the glomerular capillary bed.
    4. A and C.
    5. none of the above [top]

14. Which of the following lists of terms best describes the processes occurring in the kidney?
    1. filtration, initial absorption, secretion
    2. filtration and reabsorption
    3. filtration, secretion, concentration
    4. filtration, detoxifying, excretion
    5. filtration, reabsorption, secretion [top]

15. The counter-current mechanism of concentrating filtrate to form urine:
    1. relies on chemical diffusion only to help concentrate the filtrate.
    2. is due in large part to the osmotic gradient seen in kidney interstitial fluid with highest osmolarity being in the cortical region and lowest osmolarity being in the medullary region.
    3. is closely tied to the anatomy of the Loop of Henle. Having the ascending and descending tubules and the collecting duct adjacent to one another and having the Loop surrounded by the vasa recta helps create the concentration gradients and osmotic forces which drive the process.
    4. A and C
    5. A, B and C [top]

16. Glomerular filtration rate is:
    1. a measure of how much fluid is being filtered into the kidney nephron in a given amount of time.
    2. can be calculated from the concentration of creatinine in the urine in a random sample.
    3. has no relationship whatsoever to blood pressure or the sympathetic nervous system.
    4. All of the above are true.
    5. None of the above are true [top]

17. Renin is:
    1. a hormone secreted by the kidney which acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone release.
    2. a hormone secreted by the kidney which is also an enzyme.
    3. catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin I converting enzyme in the lungs.
    4. B and C.
    5. None of the above are correct statements about renin [top]

Match the following:

Match the hormone to its function:

26. Explain the counter-current multiplier theory and how it aids in the production of concentrated urine in the kidney. [top]

BATCH 971

[30-39]

27. Overall, the kidney has the ability to reabsorb 99% of the sodium filtered as glomerular filtrate. However, the final determinant or regulator of renal sodium reabsorption is:
    1. renin
    2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    3. aldosterone
    4. water intake
    5. none of the above [top]

28. Reabsorption of the majority (60-70%) of the glomerular filtrate occurs in which part of the nephron?
    1. proximal convoluted tubule
    2. descending limb of Henle
    3. ascending limb of Henle
    4. distal convoluted tubule
    5. none of the above. [top]

29. Consistent with their role in glomerular filtration, the capillaries comprising the glomerulus are classified as:
    1. continuous
    2. fenestrated
    3. sinusoidal
    4. secretory
    5. none of the above. [top] [20]

30-39

30. The principal driving force for filtrate formation at the glomerulus is:
    1. colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma
    2. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
    3. the tubular hydrostatic pressure
    4. the Bowman’s capsule epithelia
    5. none of the above. [top]

31. The so-called counter-current mechanism is based primarily on permeability properties of the:
    1. proximal convoluted tubule
    2. loop of Henle
    3. distal convoluted tubule
    4. collecting duct
    5. none of the above. [top]

32. The juxtaglomerular apparatus includes the juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa. The macula densa cells are actually part of the:
    1. proximal convoluted tubule
    2. loop of Henle
    3. distal convoluted tubule
    4. collecting duct
    5. none of the above. [top]

33. The pathway for urine is:
    1. renal pelvis to bladder to ureter
    2. renal pelvis to ureter to bladder to urethra
    3. renal pelvis to urethra to bladder to ureter
    4. ureter to renal pelvis to bladder to urethra
    5. none of the above. [top] [30]

34. In a normal kidney, which of the following is essentially absent from glomerular filtrate?
    1. Na
    2. glucose
    3. water
    4. plasma proteins
    5. none of the above. [top]

35. The primary factor that increases collecting duct water permeability and ultimately urine concentration is:
    1. increase in plasma ADH concentration
    2. decrease in plasma ADH concentration
    3. increase in plasma aldosterone concentration
    4. increase in distal tubular sodium delivery
    5. none of the above. [top]

36. Which of the following contribute to the overall regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration?
    1. autoregulation via tubuloglomerular feedback
    2. sympathetic nervous system tone
    3. renin-angiotensin mechanisms
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above. [top]

37. Where are podocyte cells located?
    1. juxtaglomerular apparatus
    2. surrounding the glomerular capillaries
    3. among the proximal tubule brush border cells
    4. in the renal pelvis
    5. none of the above. [top]

38. .Important functions of the nephron include which of the following?
    1. filtration
    2. reabsorption
    3. secretion
    4. all of the above
    5. none of the above. [top]

39. Although a total volume of approximately 180 L of glomerular filtrate is produced by the kidneys every day, the daily urine output is:
    1. approximately 50% or 90 L
    2. approximately 1% or 1.5 L
    3. approximately 100% or 180 L
    4. approximately 10% or 18 L
    5. none of the above. [top] [30]

BATCH 961

[40-49] [50-59] [60-69]

Match the following:

52. Glomerular filtration rate is:
    1. a measure of how much blood is being filtered into the kidney nephron in a given amount of time.
    2. is solely controlled by hormones
    3. has no relationship whatsoever to blood pressure or the sympathetic nervous system.
    4. All of the above are true.
    5. None of the above are true.

Match the following:

63. Which of the following would you except to see in a person who has blocked renal arteries?
    1. high GFR
    2. high blood levels of aldosterone
    3. low blood pressure
    4. high urine production [top]

64. Which of the following conditions would lead to an increase in GFR?
    1. liver damage reducing the production of plasma proteins
    2. dehydration
    3. hemorrhage
    4. maximal sympathetic stimulation of the kidney
    5. c and d are correct [top]

65. The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin:
    1. when the renal artery is dilated.
    2. when the pH of the urine decreases.
    3. by a decrease in the blood pressure. [top]

66. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:
    1. regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.
    2. the secretion of drugs.
    3. the secretion of acids and ammonia.
    4. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins and water. [top]

67. What type of nephron is important in producing a concentrated urine?
    1. cortical nephrons
    2. medullary nephrons
    3. juxtacortical nephrons
    4. juxtamedullary nephrons [top]

68. What is the important property of the vasa recta that helps the kidney concentrate urine?
    1. it actively pumps out sodium chloride along its length
    2. it cuts straight across the loop of Henle so it quickly picks up salts and water, removing most of them
    3. it loops alongside the loop of Henle so salt and water concentrations inside the vasa recta can equilibrate the concentrations outside the vasa recta [top]

69. What property of the loop of Henle is important in formation of the high salt concentration of the medullary region around the loop of Henle?
    1. transport of sodium chloride out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
    2. transport of water out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle [top] [50] [60]

BATCH 931

[70-79] [80-]

70-79

70. The length of the loop of Henle is directly related (proportional) to the amount of _______________.
    1. glucose reabsorbed
    2. water reabsorbed
    3. urea secreted
    4. water excreted
    5. salt secreted [top]

71. Substances not normally present in urine include:
    1. glucose
    2. red blood cells
    3. proteins
    4. all of the above are in normal urine
    5. none of the above are in normal urine [top]

72. If the loop of Henle were straight instead of looped:
    1. more water would be reasborbed
    2. less water would be reabsorbed
    3. less urea would be reabsorbed
    4. more urea would be reabsorbed [top]

73. Choose the FALSE statement.
    1. most tubular reabsorption occurs at the PCT
    2. normal function in the descending limb depends upon the presence of ADH
    3. the ascending limb is permeable to certain ions but not to water
    4. urea is reabsorbed by the nephron
    5. solute concentration changes as blood flows through the vasa recta [top]

74. Estrogen effects on the urinary system are most similar to the effects of:
    1. ADH
    2. angiotensin II
    3. aldosterone
    4. ANF
    5. testosterone [top]

75. Vasopressin is also known as:
    1. ADH
    2. aldosterone
    3. ANF
    4. angiotensin II
    5. oxytocin [top]

76. If you are stranded in the desert for hours, with no water to drink:
    1. your ADH secretion will increase
    2. your ADH secretion will decrease [top]

77. In terms of permeability properties, the DCT is most like the:
    1. PCT
    2. descending limb
    3. ascending limb
    4. collecting duct
    5. glomerulus [top]

78. Urination results from:
    1. contraction of all urinary musculature
    2. relaxation of all urinary musculature
    3. contraction of some urinary musculature and relaxation of other urinary musculature
    4. effects of gravity
    5. effects of high glomerular pressure [top]

79. If body fluids (e.g. blood) become acidic, the urinary system can help reduce acidity by:
    1. eliminating more CO₂
    2. eliminating less CO₂
    3. bringing in more O₂
    4. bringing in less O₂
    5. eliminating more H⁺ [top] [50] [70]

80-89

80. Tubular reabsorption results mostly from:
    1. hydrostatic pressure
    2. active transport
    3. passive diffusion
    4. osmotic pressure
    5. none of the above [top]

81. Which hormone stimulates reabsorption of Na⁺ from sweat?
    1. antidiuretic hormone
    2. atrial natriuretic factor
    3. aldosterone
    4. testosterone
    5. melatonin [top]

82. What do the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems have in common in terms of function?
    1. delivery of oxygen to body tissues
    2. contain lymphoid tissue for immune function
    3. absorption of ions and glucose into the bloodstream
    4. elimination of waste products from the body
    5. filtration of debris out of body fluids [top]

83. One of your adult female friends experiences extreme bloating (water retention) before her menstrual period. What non-prescription approach should you recommend to her (assume neither you nor she have any moral, religious, or health objection to caffeine or alcohol consumption)?
    1. drink more caffeine
    2. drink less caffeine
    3. drink more alcohol
    4. drink less alcohol
    5. a &/or c [top]