Assignment #2:  You are welcome to complete the following assignment with the help of others in your class.  However, you must turn in your own copy for credit on this assignment.

Refer to your textbook, Starr and Taggart's "Biology:  The Unity and Diversity of Life" (Chapter 13 & 14) to find the answers to the questions below.  Most of the questions are directly from the text.

Print off a copy of this assignment directly from this web page AND circle your answers.  I will NOT accept sheets of paper that just have the answers; you must turn in your answers with this web page.  Due by class time, Friday, 2 November.
 

1. In 1953, ______ proposed that the structure of DNA was a double helix.
 a.  Griffith            b.  Beadle and Tatum            c.  Hershey and Chase        d.  Watson and Crick

 2. Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?
 a.  amino acid        b.  phosphate group        c.  pentose sugar        d.  nitrogenous base

3. The presence of which of the following nitrogenous bases would indicate that the nucleic acid being analyzed was a molecule of DNA and not RNA?
a.  adenine        b.  uracil        c.  cytosine            d.  thymine

4. The first person(s) to isolate from the nucleus a previously unknown substance that came to be known as DNA was (were)
a.   Miescher        b.  Beadle and Tatum        c.  Franklin        d.  Watson and Crick

5. The five-carbon sugar found in DNA is
 a.   arabinose            b.   deoxyribose        c.  ribose        d.  xylose

6. What did Rosalind Franklin's research show?
a.  That DNA replication is semiconservative.
b.  That the amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount of thymine.
c.  That DNA consisted of some number of chains twisted into a helix.
d.  That RNA was used to record the information contained in DNA.

7. The two strands of DNA are held together by
a.  hydrogen bonds            b.  covalent bonds        c.  polar bonds        d.  ionic bonds.

8. The genetic material of Dolly the cloned sheep was derived from a(n)
a.  fetal sheep cell        b.  unfertilized sheep egg        c.  cell from a sheep udder        d.  sheep sperm cell.

9. Reiji Okazaki discovered
a.  that strand assembly is continuous on one parent template and discontinuous on the other.
b.  that the amount of guanine in DNA always equals the amount of cytosine.
c.  that the two sugar phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite directions.
d.  none of the above

10. Which of the following is not required for DNA replication?
a.  DNA ligase        b.  DNA polymerase        c.  RNA polymerase        d.  free nucleotides

11. Experiments have shown that cloned mice can be cloned to create additional generations of clones.
 a.  True        b.  False

12. DNA polymerases
a.  are enzymes that are involved in replication.
b.  are available for proofreading assembled genes.
c.  govern the assembly of nucleotides on the parent strand.
d.  all of the above

13. Which nucleotide bases have a double-ring structure?
a.   adenine and guanine
b.  adenine and thymine
c.  thymine and cytosine
d.  cytosine and adenine

14. Linus Pauling discovered
a.  that DNA is in chromosomes.
b.  that the amount of guanine in DNA always equals the amount of cytosine.
c.  that the two sugar phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite directions.
d.  the three-dimensional structure of collagen.

15. Griffith discovered the transforming ability of DNA while studying
a.  the virus that causes measles.
b.  the bacteria that cause pneumonia.
c.  the genetics of mice.
d.  the X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.

16. Which of the following statements about DNA is correct?
a.  The amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine.
b.  The amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine.
c.  The amount of adenine relative to guanine differs from one species to the next.
d.  all of the above

17. The fact that each "new" DNA molecule is half old, half new is described by the phrase
a.  discontinuous assembly.
b.  continuous assembly.
c.  semiconservative replication.
d.  conservation of mass.

19. A pyrimidine always base pairs with
a.  a purine.
b.  an amino acid.
c.  a base with single-ring structure.
d.  thymine or cytosine.

20. In the Hershey and Chase experiment with bacteriophages, the most important clue to the chemical nature of the hereditary material was the
a.  entrance of radioactive sulfur into the bacteria.
b.  entrance of radioactive phosphorus into the bacteria.
c.  accumulation of phosphorus on the surface of the bacteria.
d.  accumulation of sulfur on the surface of the bacteria.

21. Which of the following was not involved in the identification of the structure of DNA?
a.  James Watson
b.  Rosalind Franklin
c.  Francis Crick
d.  Oswald Avery

22. If the sequence of one strand of DNA is CCCGGA, the sequence of the complementary strand will be
a.  TTTAAC.
b.  GGGCCT.
c.  CCCGGA.
d.  UUUTTC.

23. The manufacture of RNA from DNA is called
a.  polymerization.
b.  translation.
c.  transcription.
d.  replication.

24. Transcription starts at
a.  the initiator.
b.  the promoter.
c.  the end of the previous gene.
d.  any site where the RNA polymerase enzyme can bind.

25. During transcription, DNA's cytosine pairs with RNA's ___
a.  adenine
b.   uracil
c.  cytosine
d.  guanine

26. The enzyme used during transcription is
a.  reverse transcriptase.
b.  DNA polymerase.
c.  RNA polymerase.
d.  ligase.

27. The five-carbon sugar found in RNA is
a.  arabinose.
b.  deoxyribose.
c.  ribose.
d.  xylose.

28. A mature messenger RNA
a.  contains a sequence of triplet codons that specify amino acids.
b.  has eliminated noncoding introns.
c.  leaves the nucleus and carries out its function in the cytoplasm.
d.  all of the above

29. Based on his studies of inherited metabolic disorders,Archibald Garrod concluded that
a.  specific units of inheritance operate through the synthesis of specific enzymes.
b.  the amino sequences of polypeptide chains are encoded in mRNA.
c.  RNA polymerase reads nucelotide bases three at at a time.
d.   mutations can result when transposable elements move.

30. RNA polymerase reads nucelotide bases ______ at a time.
a.  one        b.  two        c.  three        d.  four

31. Which of the nucleotides in a codon is the least sensitive, that is, if it were to be changed, it would be least likely to change the amino acid specified?
a.  first nucleotide in the codon
b.  second nucleotide in the codon
c.  third nucleotide in the codon
d.  all are equally likely to change the amino acid

32. Which of the following is not required for translation?
a.  tRNA
b.  free amino acids
c.  mRNA
d.  free nucleotides

33. Which of the following is not an anticodon?
a.  AUG        b.  CCG        c.  TAG        d.  UUC

34. Which of the following is not correct?
a.  There are sixty-four different codons.
b.  All codons specify a specific amino acid.
c.  Some codons are used for initiation or termination of a gene.
d.  There are more codons than amino acids so that the code is redundant.

35. Mutations are
a.  rare        b.  random        c.  inherited        d.  all of the above

36. Which of the following is not a stage in translation?
a.  initiation        b.  substitution        c.  elongation        d.  termination

37. Normal hemoglobin (HbA) differs from abnormal hemoglobin (HbS)
a.  by one amino acid.
b.   by two amino acids.
c.  by three amino acids.
d.  by hundreds of amino acids.

38. What procedure did Linus Pauling and Paul Itano use to compare the properties of normal hemoglobin (HBA) and abnormal hemoglobin (HbS)?
a.  X-ray diffraction
b.  electron microscopy
c.  gel electrophoresis
d.  reverse transcription

39. How does transcription resemble DNA replication?
a.  Both require DNA polymerase.
b.  Both start at an initiator sequence.
c.  Both proceed in the 5' to 3' direction.
d.  Both require free amino acids.

40. Transcription occurs
a.  in the cytoplasm.
b.  on the endoplasmic reticulum.
c.  in the nucleus.
d.  all of the above

41. DNA regions that move spontaneously from one region to another are called
a.  codons.
b.  polysomes.
c.  transposable elements.
d.  promoters.

42. Which of the following would cause a frameshift mutation?
a.  a base-pair substitution
b.  an inversion
c.  an insertion
d.  none of the above

43. The mRNA codon CUU codes for the amino acid leucine. Which of the following codons also code for leucine?
a.  GUU        b.  CAU        c.  UUU        d.  CUC

44. An anticodon is part of a molecule of
a.  DNA        b.  mRNA        c.  rRNA        d.  tRNA

45. The amino acids of a growing peptide chain are held together by
a.  hydrogen bonds.
b.  base pairing.
c.  peptide bonds.
d.  none of the above.