Your name:                                                            Name of those who helped you:

You will be responsible for this material on the final exam.

Have a great Thanksgiving!  For a little biology fun, entertain (annoy?) your family by tracing the following traits and determining genotypes of your family members:
widow's peak (dominant allele, A) vs. straight hairline (recessive allele, a);
tongue-rolling (dominant allele, B) vs. non-tongue rolling (recessive allele, b);
detached earlobes (dominant allele, E) vs. attached earlobes (recessive allele, e);
plus many others!

Have fun and be safe.  Hopefully I will have your multiple choice scores on Exam #4 posted on the bulletin board next to my office by Tuesday afternoon.

2. Mitosis and meiosis do not occur in
a.  insects.        b.  bacteria.        c.  fungi.        d.  red and brown algae.

3. The longest phase of the cell cycle is usually
a.  telophase.        b.  anaphase.        c.  interphase.        d.  metaphase.

4. Mitosis begins with.
a.  telophase.        b.  anaphase.        c.  prophase.        d.  metaphase.

5. In most sexually reproducing organisms, the cells of the adult organisms are
a.  triploid.        b.  haploid.        c.  diploid.        d.  none of the above

6. G1, G2, and S are the three stages of
a.  telophase.        b.  anaphase.        c.  interphase.        d.  metaphase.

7. The chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator during
a.  telophase.        b.   anaphase.        c.   interphase.        d.  metaphase.

8. A nucleosome consists of DNA wrapped around a spool of
a.  ATP synthases.        b.  hemoglobin.        c.  histone proteins.        d.  amino acids.

9. The _______ is a disk-shaped structure on a chromosome to which spindle microtubules attach.
a.  centriole.        b.  central vacuole.        c.  kinetochore.        d.  motor protein.

10. HeLa cells are the cultured descendants of cells isolated from a
a.  rat embryo.        b.  human germ cell.        c.  human cancer.        d.  human embryo.

11. The diploid chromosome number is denoted by the symbol
a.  n         b.  2n        c.  F1        d.  F2

12. During ______ the attachments between the two sister chromatids break.
a.  telophase        b.  anaphase        c.  interphase        d.  metaphase

13. What is the function of centrioles?
a.  They stabilize the spindle.
b.  They organize the DNA.
c.  They give rise to cilia or flagella.
d.  They help break down the nuclear envelope.

14. Spindle formation can be disrupted by exposing a cell to
a.  high concentrations of oxygen.        b.  vitamin A.        c.  colchicine.        d.  cholesterol.

15. The nuclear envelope begins to break up during late
a.  prophase.        b.  anaphase.        c.  interphase.        d.  metaphase.

16. The chromosomes are replicated during
a.  prophase.        b.  anaphase.        c.  interphase.        d.   metaphase.

17. The chromosome number of a human somatic cell is
a.  23.        b.  46.        c.  24.        d.  48.

18. In plants, cytoplasmic division occurs by
a.  cleavage.        b.  cell plate formation.        c.  prokaryotic fission.        d.  none of the above

19. With mitosis, each new nucleus has
a.  half the number of chromosomes in the parent nucleus.
b.  twice the number of chromosomes in the parent nucleus.
c.  the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
d.  the haploid number of chromosomes.

 20. Chromosomes begin to condense during
a.  anaphase.        b.   metaphase.        c.   prophase.        d.  G1 of interphase.

21. Asexual reproduction
a.  is the most common form of reproduction in higher organisms.
b.  requires only one parent.
c.  produces wide variety of offspring.
d.  none of the above

22. Each unique molecular form of the same gene is called  a(n)
a.  chromatid.        b.  chromosome.        c.  allele.        d.  trait.

23. The chromosome number after meiosis is denoted as
a.   n.         b.   2n.       c.  F1.        d.  F2.

24. Crossing over occurs during
a.  telophase I.        b.  anaphase II.        c.  prophase I.        d.  metaphase II.

25. In humans, each diploid oocyte gives rise to
a.  four sperm.
b.  four ova.
c.  four polar bodies.
d.  one ovum and three polar bodies.

26. In plants, a zygote develops into a
a.  sporophyte.
b.  gametophyte.
c.  spore.
d.  gamete.

27. Chromosomes are duplicated during
a.  telophase I.
b.  anaphase II.
c.  prophase I.
d.  interphase.

28. When compared to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
a.  is more efficient.
b.  produces more variety in the offspring.
c.  requires only one parent.
d.  produces more offspring.

29. Synapsis occurs
a.  during interphase.
b.  between meiosis I and meiosis II.
c.  during prophase I.
d.  during prophase II.

30. Sister chromatids are separated from each other during
a.  interphase.
b.  prophase I.
c.  anaphase I.
d.  anaphase II.

31. A kidney cell in a human male will contain _______ pairs of homologous chromosomes.
a.  46
b.  48
c.  23
d.  24

32. During crossing over, ___ undergo breakage and exchange segments.
a.  sister chromatids
b.  nonsister chromatids of a homologous pair
c.   nonhomologous chromatids
d.  X and Y chromosomes

33. If a diploid organism has three different chromosomes (n = 3), it can produce ________ different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes disregarding crossing over.
a.  4
b.  8
c.  16
d.  32

34. The paired homologous chromosomes are found at the spindle equator during
a.  prophase I.
b.  anaphase II.
c.  interphase.
d.  metaphase I.

35. The reason that sexually reproducing organisms produce offspring different from themselves is
a.  crossing over.
b.  random arrangement of chromosomes from the spindle equator.
c.  fertilization is a chance mix of genetically different gametes.
d.  all of the above

  36. The chromosome number of a human sperm cell is
 a.  23.        b.  46.      c.  24.        d.  48.

37. Asexual reproduction is accomplished by
 a.  gametogenesis.        b.  mitosis.        c.  fusion of sex cells.        d.  all of the above

38. Meiosis is similar to mitosis in that
a.  synapsis is a characteristic event.
b.  spindle fibers control movement of chromosomes.
c.  the daughter cells are identical.
d.  haploid cells are produced.

39. In meiosis, telophase I is followed by
a.  anaphase II.        b.   metaphase II.        c.  prophase II.        d.  G1 of interphase.

40. Chiasmata are evidence that _______ has occured.
a.  mitosis        b.  crossing over        c.  fertilization        d.  oogenesis.

41. Each time a human germ cell gives rise to an egg or sperm, a total of _______ combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible.
a.  23        b.  46        c.  2277        d.  8,388,608

42. Unequal cytoplamic divisions are characteristic of
a.  mitosis.        b.  prokaryotic fission.       c.  spermatogenesis.        d.  oogenesis.

43. Plant life cycles differ from animal life cycles in that
a.   plants do not undergo meiosis.
b.  spore formation occurs in between meiosis and gamete formation.
c.  plants have no germ cells.
d.  plant gametes are diploid.

44. A chromosome that consists of two sister chromatids is
a.  a duplicated chromosome.
b.  the end product of meiosis.
c.  found only in asexual species.
d.   a homologous pair.