BRIEF ANSWER: 2.5 points each for a total of 60 points.

1. a group of traits that have high fitness when they occur together
 

2. a.

3. e.

4. b

5. e.

6. d.
 

7.  a.

8. graph should show a line with a positive slope; the Y axis is offspring wing size and the X axis is mid-parent wing size

9.  b.

10. The proportion of all variation in a trait in a population that has a genetic basis

11.  Speciation occurred as a result of change in just a small number of genes.

12. vestigial organs (other examples also possible)
 

13.  a.

14. The first phylogeny
 

15. Characters 1 and 4 evolve in the ancestor to A and D; character 2 in the ancestor to A,B, and D, and character 3 once in C and once in D.  This gives 5 evolutionary changes; CI=4/5

16.  c.

17.  b.
 

18. fossils indicating date of speciation of two species
 

19. c.

20. c.
 

21. Phylogenetic species concept: reflects evolutionary history
Biological Species Concept: defines species that will not merge together

22.  d

23. e.
 

 24.  d.

25.   Segmented body provides evidence for phylogeny.  Based on outgroup comparison, it is a derived trait.  Derived traits have evolved within the ingroup; if species share them, it provides evidence that they inherited the trait from a common ancestor and that ancestor must be more recent than the ancestor to the whole group since derived traits were not present in the ancestor to the whole group. Primitive traits were present in the ancestor to the whole group; the species that share them do so because they inherited them from that ancestor, but since all the other species also evolved from that ancestor, this does not indicate anything about ancestry within the group.

26.  Morphology shows convergent evolution because of natural selection; in similar environments, similar morphological traits will evolve.  DNA sequence data show convergent evolution by chance; since there are only 4 bases, it is likely for mutation to lead to the same base in different species.  If one is studying phylogeny, it is best to have little or no convergent evolution because convergent evolution makes distant relatives similar to each other and suggests they are related when they are not.

27.  The leech and earthworm are each others closest relatives.  The crab and bug are each others closest relatives.  The crab, bug, and spider are more related to each other than to other species on the tree.  The leech, earthworm, crab, bug, and spider are more related to each other than to the squid.

28.    Presence of mandibles shows homology and supports the phylogeny, providing evidence that the crab and bug are each others closest relatives.  Well developed eyes show convergent evolution and do not support they phylogeny; the evolved independently, once in the squid and once in the ancestor to the crab and the bug.